The (De)Parted
Fragmentation and Redeposition of Human Bone in Viking Age Graves
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37718/CSA.2026.01Keywords:
Viking Age, mortuary practice, human bone, personhood, redeposition, fragmentationAbstract
Viking Age graves across Scandinavia and the Scandinavian settlements in Britain, Ireland and Iceland frequently contain fragments of human bone that do not belong to the primary dead. Disarticulated, fragmented or redeposited, these additional remains have long been dismissed as traces of accidental disturbance. Drawing on evidence from over 85 graves across 23 sites, this article demonstrates that such bone was deliberately incorporated into new funerary contexts, and considers where it came from, how it was treated and what this reveals about Viking Age understandings of personhood and the body. The comparable treatment of human and animal bone – cremated and uncremated alike – suggests a practice less concerned with individual identity and more interested in the properties of bone as a substance and its capacity to act as a transformative material within the funerary sphere. Yet identity was not always irrelevant: in some cases, fragments appear to have retained a personal connection. The article argues that depositional context was central to ontological status. The boundary between person and material was not fixed in advance, but actively produced through the ways remains were treated, placed, and reused.
Downloads
References
Andersen, S.W. 1995. Lejre: Skibssatninger, vikingegrave, Grydehoj. Aarbøger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie. Vol. 1993 pp. 7–142.
Appleby, J. 2013. Temporality and the Transition to Cremation in the Late Third Millennium to Mid Second Millennium BC in Britain. Cambridge Archaeological Journal. Vol. 23(1) pp. 83–97. doi:10.1017/s0959774313000061. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774313000061
Arbman, H. 1943. Birka: Untersuchungen und Studien. 1, Die Gräber: Text. Stockholm: KVHAA.
Back Danielsson, I.-M. 2007. Masking Moments: The Transitions of Bodies and Beings in Late Iron Age Scandinavia. Stockholm: Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University.
Back Danielsson, I.-M. 2008. Bodies and Identities in the Scandinavian late Iron Age. In: Jones, A.M. (ed.), Prehistoric Europe: Theory and Practice, pp. 312–329. Blackwell Studies in Global Archaeology. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Bahrendtz, F.J. 1901. Hulterstad, Triberga: Arkeologiska undersokningar, verkstallda sommaren 1901 a Oland af F.J. Bahrendtz. Unpublished report, ATA.
Becket, A., Batey, C.E., Duffy, P.R.J., Miller, J. & Rogers, P.W. 2014. A Stranger in the Dunes? Rescue Excavation of a Viking Age Burial at Cnoc nan Gall, Colonsay. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Vol. 143 pp. 303–318. doi:10.9750/PSAS.143.303.318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9750/PSAS.143.303.318
Bersu, G. & Wilson, D.M. 1966. Three Viking Graves in the Isle of Man. London: The Society for Medieval Archaeology.
Bill, J. & Daly, A. 2012. The Plundering of the Ship Graves from Oseberg and Gokstad: An Example of Power Politics? Antiquity. Vol. 86(333) pp. 808–824. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00047931. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00047931
Blindheim, C. & Heyerdahl-Larsen, B. 1995. Kaupang-funnene bind II. Gravplassene i Bikjholbergene/Lamøya undersøkelsene 1950–1957. Del A. Gravskikk. Oslo: Universitetets oldsakssamling.
Blindheim, C., Heyerdahl-Larsen, B. & Tollnes, R.L. 1981. Kaupang-funnene bind I. Oslo: Universitetets oldsaksamling.
Brendalsmo, J. & Rothe, G. 1992. Haugbrot eller de levendes forhold til de dode: En komparativ analyse. Meta. Vol. 1992(1–2) pp. 84–119.
Bruck, J. 2017. Reanimating the Dead: The Circulation of Human Bone in the British Later Bronze Age. In: Bradbury, J. & Scarre, C. (eds), Engaging with the Dead: Exploring Changing Human Beliefs about Death, Mortality, and the Human Body, pp. 138–148. Oxford: Oxbow. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1vgw6s0.14
Bryn, H., Lorentzen, A.B., Rantala, K.R., Sauvage, R. & Ostmoe, E. 2023. NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet arkeologisk rapport 2023:22. E39 Betna–Stormyra. Gravfelt og bosetningsspor i Vinjeora.
Brogger, A.W. 1945. Oseberggraven – haugbrottet. Viking. Vol. 9 pp. 1–44.
Cannell, R.J. 2021. What Makes a Mound? Earth-Sourced Materials in Late Iron Age Burial Mounds. Cambridge Archaeological Journal. Vol. 31(4) pp. 687–703. doi:10.1017/S0959774321000299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774321000299
Carlie, A. 2004. Forntida byggnadskult: Tradition och regionalitet i södra Skandinavien. Riksantikvarieambetet arkeologiska undersokningar. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieambetet.
Edwards, B.J.N. 1998. Vikings in North West England: The Artefacts. Lancaster: Centre for North-West Regional Studies, University of Lancaster.
Eldjarn, K. & Fridriksson, A. 2016. Kuml og haugfé: Úr heiðnum sið á Íslandi. 3rd ed. Reykjavik: Mal og menning.
Eriksen, L.B. 1992. Vikingetidsgrave fra Ottestrup: Et sjaldent smukt trefliget spande. Aarbøger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie. Vol. 1991 pp. 185–196.
Eriksen, M.H. 2017. Don’t all Mothers Love their Children? Deposited Infants as Animate Objects in the Scandinavian Iron Age. World Archaeology. Vol. 49(3) pp. 338–356. doi:10.1080/00438243.2017.1340189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2017.1340189
Eriksen, M.H. 2019. Architecture, Society, and Ritual in Viking Age Scandinavia: Doors, Dwellings, and Domestic Space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108667043
Eriksen, M.H. 2020. ‘Body-Objects’ and Personhood in the Iron and Viking Ages: Processing, Curating, and Depositing Skulls in Domestic Space. World Archaeology. Vol. 52(1) pp. 103–119. doi:10.1080/00438243.2019.1741439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2019.1741439
Eriksen, M.H. & Kay, K. 2022. Reflections on Posthuman Ethics: Grievability and the More-Than-Human Worlds of Iron and Viking Age Scandinavia. Cambridge Archaeological Journal. Vol. 32(2) pp. 331–343. doi:10.1017/s0959774321000561. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774321000561
Fahlander, F. 2016. The Materiality of the Ancient Dead: Post-burial Practices and Ontologies of Death in Southern Sweden AD 800–1200. Current Swedish Archaeology. Vol. 26(1) pp. 137–162. doi:10.37718/csa.2016.10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37718/CSA.2016.10
Fahlander, F. 2020a. Becoming Dead: Burial Assemblages as Vitalist Devices. Cambridge Archaeological Journal. Vol. 30(4) pp. 555–569. doi:10.1017/S0959774320000116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774320000116
Fahlander, F. 2020b. Unruly Bones and Efficacious Stones: Materialities of Death in Early Christian Post-Burial Interactions in Central Eastern Sweden. In: Aspock, E., Muller-Scheesel, N. & Klevnas, A.M. (eds), Grave Disturbances: The Archaeology of Post-Depositional Interactions with the Dead, pp. 27–41. Oxford: Oxbow Books. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13pk784.4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv13pk784.4
Fahlander, F. 2024. In Sheep’s Clothing? Humans and Other-Than-Humans in Iron Age Cremation Assemblages in North Spanga, Sweden. Current Swedish Archaeology. Vol. 32 pp. 99–128. doi:10.37718/CSA.2024.5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37718/CSA.2024.5
Fowler, C. 2004. The Archaeology of Personhood: An Anthropological Approach. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203583210
Fowler, C. 2016. Relational Personhood Revisited. Cambridge Archaeological Journal. Vol. 26(3) pp. 397–412. doi:10.1017/s0959774316000172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774316000172
Freke, D. 2002. Excavations on St. Patrick’s Isle, Peel, Isle of Man, 1982–88: Prehistoric, Viking, Medieval, and Later. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
Gansum, T. 2004. Role the Bones: From Iron to Steel. Norwegian Archaeological Review. Vol. 37(1) pp. 41–57. doi:10.1080/00293650410001199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00293650410001199
Gardeła, L. 2013. The Dangerous Dead? Rethinking Viking-Age Deviant Burials. In: Słupecki, L. & Simek, R. (eds), Conversions: Looking for ideological change in the Early Middle Ages, pp. 96–136. Vienna: Verlag Fassbaender.
Gjerpe, L.E. 2005. E18-prosjektet Vestfold. Bd 1, Gravfeltet på Gulli. Varia. Oslo: Kulturhistorisk Museum, Universitetet i Oslo.
Graslund, A.-S. 1980. Birka IV. The Burial Customs: A Study of the Graves on Björkö. Stockholm: KVHAA.
Graslund, A.-S. & Muller-Wille, M. 1992. Burial Customs in Scandinavia During the Viking Age. In: Roesdahl, E. & Wilson, D.M. (eds), From Viking to Crusader: Scandinavia and Europe, pp. 186–187. New York: Rizzoli Publishers.
Hagberg, U.E. 1996. Ölands järnåldersgravfält. Vol. 3, Vickleby, Resmo, Mörbylånga, Kastlösa, Sandby, Stenåsa och Hulterstad. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieambetet.
Hansson, M. 1993. Neolitiska boplatslamningar och vikingatida gravar. Arkeologisk for och slutundersokning 1990. Skane, Trelleborg sn, Vastervang 2:97, (kv Verkstaden), Osteologisk rapport Caroline Arcini. Riksantikvarieambetet UV Syd rapport.
Harrison-Buck, E. & Hendon, J.A. 2018. An Introduction to Relational Personhood and Other-Than-Human Agency in Archaeology. In: Harrison-Buck, E. & Hendon, J.A. (eds), Relational Identities and Other-Than-Human Agency in Archaeology, pp. 3–28. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5876/9781607327479.c001
Harrison, S.H. 2008. Furnished Insular Scandinavian Burial: Artefacts and Landscape in the Early Viking Age. Ph.D. thesis, Department of History, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
Harrison, S.H. & O Floinn, R. 2014. Viking Graves and Grave-Goods in Ireland. Medieval Dublin Excavation, Ser. B., Vol. 11. Dublin: National Museum of Ireland.
Hed Jakobsson, A. & Lindblom, C. 2011. Gard och gravfalt vid Lilla Ullevi. Arkeologisk undersokning. RAA 40, Skallsta, Bro socken, Upplands-Bro kommun, Stockholms lan, Uppland. Arkeologikonsult.
Hedeager, L. 2010. Split Bodies in the Late Iron Age/Viking Age of Scandinavia. In: Rebay-Salisbury, K., Sorensen, M.L.S. & Hughes, J. (eds), Body Parts and Bodies Whole, pp. 111–118. Oxford: Oxbow.
Holck, P. 1997. Cremated Bones: A Medical-Anthropological Study of an Archaeological Material on Cremation Burials. 3. Revised edition. Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo.
Kaland, S.H.H. 1973. Westnessutgravningene pa Rousay, Orknoyene. Viking. Vol. 37 pp. 77–102.
Kastholm, O.T. & Margaryan, A. 2021. Reconstructing the Gerdrup Grave: The Story of an Unusual Viking Age Double Grave in Context and in the Light of New Analysis. Danish Journal of Archaeology. Vol. 10 pp. 1–20. doi:10.7146/dja.v10i0.126750. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7146/dja.v10i0.126750
Kjellstrom, A., Gummesson, S., Stora, J. & Sauvage, R. 2024. Cremation and Depositional Practices of Cremated Remains at Skeiet. In: Sauvage, R. (ed.), From Life to Death in Iron Age and Medieval Vinjefjord, pp. 219–238. Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk. doi:10.23865/noasp.218.ch9.
Klevnas, A.M. 2013. Whodunnit? Grave Robbery in Anglo-Saxon England and the Merovingian Kingdoms. BAR International Series, Vol. 2582. Oxford: Archaeopress. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407312071
Klevnas, A.M. 2016. ‘Imbued with the Essence of the Owner’: Personhood and Possessions in the Reopening and Reworking of Viking-Age Burials. European Journal of Archaeology. Vol. 19(3) pp. 456–476. doi:10.1080/14619571.2016.1190202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14619571.2016.1190202
Lindblom, C. 1993. Kostrup: En nordvestfynsk vikingetidsgravplads. Fynske minder. Vol. 1993 pp. 143–168.
Lippok, F.E. 2020. The Pyre and the Grave: Early Medieval Cremation Burials in the Netherlands, the German Rhineland and Belgium. World Archaeology. Vol. 52(1) pp. 147–162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2020.1769297
Lund, J. 2013. Fragments of a Conversion: Handling Bodies and Objects in Pagan and Christian Scandinavia ad 800–1100. World Archaeology. Vol. 45(1) pp. 46–63. doi:10.1080/00438243.2012.759511. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2012.759511
Lund, J. 2017. Connectedness with Things: Animated Objects of Viking Age Scandinavia and Early Medieval Europe. Archaeological Dialogues. Vol. 24(1) pp. 89–108. doi:10.1017/S1380203817000058. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1380203817000058
Maldonado, A. 2024. Burning Questions: Learning to See Cremation in the Long Iron Age of Northern Britain. In: Williams, H. & Lippok, F. (eds), Cremation in the Early Middle Ages: Death, Fire and Identity in North-West Europe, pp. 243–259. Leiden: Sidestone Press.
Metcalf, P. & Huntington, R. 1991. Celebrations of Death: The Anthropology of Mortuary Ritual. Second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803178
Moilanen, U. 2023. Bonded by Pieces: Fragments as Means of Affirming Kinship in Iron Age Finland. In: Sorman, A., Noterman, A.A. & Fjellstrom, M. (eds), Broken Bodies, Places and Objects: New Perspectives on Fragmentation in Archaeology, pp. 55–68. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003350026-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003350026-5
Muhlemann, B., Vinner, L., […] Jones, T.C. & Sikora, M. 2020. Supplementary Material for Diverse Variola Virus (smallpox) Strains were Widespread in Northern Europe in the Viking Age. Science. Vol. 369(6502). doi:10.1126/science.aaw8977. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw8977
Nagmer, R.B. 1979. Gravfalt fran yngre jarnalder–vikingatid samt boplats fran gropkeramisk tid, bronsalder och aldre jarnalder. Stavie 4:1, Stavie sn, Skane. Arkeologisk undersokning 1973–1975, 1977, 1978. Rapport. Riksantikvarieambetet och Statens historiska museer Uppdragsverksamheten, 0348-6818; 1979:47.
Nielsen, B.H., Kristensen, I.K. & Stidsing, E. 1985. Kjolvejen: En vikingetidsgravplads ved Over Hornbak. Historisk Aarbog fra Randers Amt. Vol. 79 pp. 5–14.
Norstein, F.E. 2024. Change and Continuity: Cremation and Inhumation During the Christianisation Period in Scandinavia. In: Norstein, F.E. & Selsvold, I. (eds), Archaeological Perspectives on Burial Practices and Societal Change: Death in Transition, pp. 53–67. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003441557-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003441557-6
Noterman, A.A. 2023. Revisiting, Selecting, Breaking and Removing: Incomplete and Fragmented Merovingian Reopened Graves in Western Europe. In: Sorman, A., Noterman, A.A. & Fjellstrom, M. (eds), Broken Bodies, Places and Objects: New Perspectives on Fragmentation in Archaeology, pp. 69–85. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003350026-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003350026-6
Nugent, R. 2017. Two of a Kind: Conceptual Similarities between Cremation and Inhumation in Anglo-Saxon England. In: Cerezo-Roman, J., Wessman, A. & Williams, H. (eds), Cremation and the Archaeology of Death, pp. 72–87. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198798118.003.0011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798118.003.0011
O Riagain, R. 2024. Early Medieval Cremation Burials in Atlantic Northern Britain. In: Williams, H. & Lippok, F. (eds), Cremation in the Early Middle Ages: Death, Fire and Identity in North-West Europe, pp. 261–280. Leiden: Sidestone Press.
Palmgren, L. 1874. Fornlemningar i Vestbo harad, Smaland, pa Svenska Fornminnesforeningens bekostnad undersokta ar 1873. Svenska fornminnesföreningens tidskrift. Vol. 1873–74(3:2) pp. 207–233.
Price, N. 2008. Dying and the Dead: Viking Age Mortuary Behaviour. In: Brink, S. & Price, N. (eds), The Viking World, pp. 257–273. London: Routledge.
Price, N. 2020. Death Ritual and Mortuary Behaviour. In: Schjodt, J.P., Lindow, J. & Andren, A. (eds), The Pre-Christian Religions of the North: History and Structures, pp. 853–896. Turnhout: Brepols. doi:10.1484/M.PCRN-EB.5.116960. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/M.PCRN-EB.5.116960
Puolakka, H. 2020. Ancestors and Additional Bones: Mixing of Burial Traditions in Late Iron Age Finland. In: Aikas, T. & Lipkin, S. (eds), Entangled Beliefs and Rituals: Religion in Finland and Sápmi from Stone Age to Contemporary Times, pp. 16–34. Helsinki: Archaeological Society of Finland.
Raffield, B., Fredengren, C. & Kjellstrom, A. 2023. Narratives of Inequality: Towards an Archaeology of Structural Violence in Late Iron Age Scandinavia. Archaeological Dialogues. Vol. 30(2) pp. 137–162. doi:10.1017/S1380203824000011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1380203824000011
Ratican, C.F. 2024. Bodies, Beings, and the Multiple Burial Rite of the Western Viking World. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003269540
Rebay-Salisbury, K. 2015. Neither Fish nor Fowl: Burial Practices between Inhumation and Cremation. In: Devlin, Z.L. & Graham, K. (eds), Death Embodied: Archaeological Approaches to the Treatment of the Corpse, pp. 18–40. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Rebay-Salisbury, K. 2017. Rediscovering the Body: Cremation and Inhumation in Early Iron Age Central Europe. In: Cerezo-Roman, J., Wessman, A. & Williams, H. (eds), Cremation and the Archaeology of Death, pp. 52–71. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798118.003.0010
Rebay-Salisbury, K., Sorensen, M.L.S. & Hughes, J. 2010. Body Parts and Bodies Whole. Oxford: Oxbow.
Robb, J. 2013. Creating Death: An Archaeology of Dying. In: Nilsson Stutz, L. & Tarlow, S. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial, pp. 441–457. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569069.013.0024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569069.013.0024
Robb, J. & Harris, O.J. (eds) 2013. The Body in History: Europe from the Palaeolithic to the Future. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roberts, H.M. 2013. Ingiridarstadir 2012: An Interim Statement. Fornleifastofnun Islands, Reykjavik.
Rundkvist, M. 2025. Human Skull Manipulation in Vendel-Viking Period Sweden and Denmark. Praehistorische Zeitschrift. Vol. 101(1) pp. 281–291. doi:10.1515/pz-2024-2041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2024-2041
Samuelsson, B.-A. 1998. Ljungbackagravfaltet: Studier av ett sydvastskanskt gravmaterial fran sen jarnalder. Student thesis, Lund University.
Satalecki, F. 2014. Death as an Architect of Societies: Burial and Social Identity During the Viking Age in South-Western Scania. MA thesis, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Lund University.
Satalecki, F. 2016. Pyre-Related Material in Inhumation Graves: Investigating Traces of Viking Age Biritualism in South-Western Scania. Lund Archaeological Review. Vol. 22 pp. 39–60.
Sauvage, R. & Lorentzen, A.B. 2024. Late Iron Age and Viking Age Local Burial Practices: The Cemetery at Skeiet, Vinjeora. In: Sauvage, R. (ed.), From Life to Death in Iron Age and Medieval Vinjefjord, pp. 131–160. Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk. doi:10.23865/noasp.218.ch5.
Sayer, D., Sebo, E. & Hughes, K. 2019. A Double-Edged Sword: Swords, Bodies, and Personhood in Early Medieval Archaeology and Literature. European Journal of Archaeology. Vol. 22(4) pp. 542–566. doi:10.1017/eaa.2019.18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.18
Sellevold, B.J. 1999. Picts and Vikings at Westness: Anthropological Investigations of the
Skeletal Material from the Cemetery at Westness, Rousay, Orkney Islands. NIKU Fagrapport. Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning, Oslo.
SHM 1948. Tillvaxten 1946. Statens Historiska Museum och Kungl. Myntkabinettet. Samlingarnas Tillväxt 1946–1948. Vol. 1946–1948.
Sigvallius, B. 1994. Funeral Pyres: Iron Age Cremations in North Spånga. Theses and Papers in Osteology. Stockholm: Stockholm University.
Stromberg, M. 1968. Ett gravfält från sen järnålder i Råga Hörstad i Skåne. Antikvariskt arkiv, Vol. 35. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
Svanberg, F. 1999. I skuggan av vikingatiden: Om Skåne, Halland, Blekinge och Själland. Lund: Institute of Archaeology, Lund University.
Svanberg, F. 2003. Decolonizing the Viking Age. 2, Death Rituals in South-East Scandinavia AD 800–1000. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia Series in 4o. Lund: Lund University.
Sorensen, M.L.S. & Rebay, K. 2008. From Substantial Bodies to the Substance of Bodies: Analysis of the Transition from Inhumation to Cremation During the Middle Bronze Age in Europe. In: BoriĆ, D. & Robb, J. (eds), Past Bodies: Body-Centered Research in Archaeology, pp. 59–68. Oxford: Oxbow Books. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv13pk5rd.10
Ulriksen, J. 2011. Vikingetidens gravskik i Danmark: Spor af begravelsesritualer i jordfastegrave. Kuml. Vol. 60 pp. 161–245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v60i60.24527
van Gennep, A. 1960. The Rites of Passage. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226027180.001.0001
van Haperen, M.C. 2013. The Distributed Dead: Personhood from the Perspective of Reopened Graves. In: Ludowici, B. (ed.), Individual and Individuality? Approaches Towards an Archaeology of Personhood in the First Millennium AD, pp. 89–93. Hannover: Niedersachsisches Landesmuseum.
Wenn, C.C. 2016. RV. 9 Krokå–Langeid del II: Gravfelt fra vikingtid, Langeid Øvre, 2/1, Bygland k., Aust-Agder. Rapport arkeologisk utgravning. Kulturhistorisk Museum. Oslo: Oslo University.
Wenn, C.C. 2020. What Happened at Langeid? Understanding Reopened Graves after Time has Taken its Toll. In: Aspock, E., Muller-Scheesel, N. & Klevnas, A.M. (eds), Grave Disturbances: The Archaeology of Post-Depositional Interactions with the Dead, pp. 137–156. Oxford: Oxbow Books. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13pk784.9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv13pk784.9
Winge, G. 1977. Rapport over arkeologisk undersokning av gravar, kulturlager, gropar och hardar vid Lockarp 8, Ljungbacka och Mariedal i Lockarp, Malmo, Skane, 29 juni–19 oktober 1976. Malmo museer.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Frida Espolin Norstein
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors contributing to Current Swedish Archaeology retain copyright of their work, with first publication rights granted to the Swedish Archaeological Society. Read the journal's full Copyright- and Licensing Policy.
