Data Transparency as a Tool for Accountability: Norwegian Municipalities’ Approaches to Elderly Care Information, and Broader Implications

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58235/sjpa.33214

Keywords:

investigative journalism, freedom of information, public administration, health care management

Abstract

This paper presents an investigative analysis of Freedom of Information (FOI) compliance among Norwegian municipalities, focusing specifically on requests for elderly care data. Norway presents a particularly intriguing case, ranking first globally on the World Press Freedom Index whilst achieving only moderate performance on citizen access to public data. Through systematic FOI requests to all Norwegian municipalities, seeking data on reported accidents in elderly care, we assess transparency levels and institutional willingness to share information under the FOI Act. Our findings reveal compliance gaps, with significant variations in data quality and format. While the results underscore the need to improve transparency and accountability in order to foster high-quality elderly care, the research additionally provides valuable insights for understanding the practical limitations of the FOI legislation in democratic governance.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Fabrizio Palumbo, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway

Fabrizio Palumbo is an Associate Professor in the Department of Journalism and Media Studies at Oslo Metropolitan University. He is the founder and leader of the AI Journalism Resource Center, a collaborative initiative between the AI Lab and the Department of Journalism and Media Studies at OsloMet. The center is dedicated to researching, supporting, and advancing the integration of AI and data science techniques in investigative journalism, with a strong focus on education, tool development, and providing data analysis support. In addition, he has designed and led courses for practicing journalists on data science and programming, aimed at bridging the skill gap as AI becomes increasingly prevalent in newsrooms. His work reflects a deep commitment to expanding the role of AI in journalism and fostering interdisciplinary collaborations that fuel innovative research and practical applications in the field. Fabrizio also holds a PhD in Neuroscience and a master in biomechanics.

Roy Krøvel, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway

Roy Krøvel is Professor of Journalism at Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet). His research interests include investigative journalism methodology, AI-assisted journalism, media in conflict and post-conflict societies, and Indigenous media. He has published extensively on journalism in Latin America, particularly in relation to social movements and environmental conflicts. Recent work focuses on how artificial intelligence and machine learning can support investigative journalism.

References

Ackerman, J.M., Sandoval-Ballesteros, I.E., 2006. THE GLOBAL EXPLOSION OF FREEDOM OF INFORMATION LAWS. Adm. Law Rev. 58, 85–130.

Appelgren, E., Salaverría, R., 2018. The Promise of the Transparency Culture: A comparative study of access to public data in Spanish and Swedish newsrooms. Journal. Pract. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1511823

Banisar, D., 2011. The Right to Information and Privacy: Balancing Rights and Managing Conflicts. SSRN Electron. J. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1786473

Baranetsky, D. V. (2018). Data Journalism and the Law. Columbia University. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8-15SW-FY51

Cuillier, D., 2019. Scandals and Freedom of Information. In H. Tumber & S. Waisbord (eds.), in: The Routledge Companion to Media and Scandal. Routledge, London, pp. 215–234.

Dagens Medisin. (2021). Bedre pasientsikkerhet med avviksmeldinger på tvers? [WWW Document], URL https://www.dagensmedisin.no/debatt-og-kronikk/bedre-pasientsikkerhet-med-avviksmeldinger-pa-tvers/240612.

Darch, C., Underwood, P.G., 2005. Freedom of information legislation, state compliance and the discourse of knowledge: The South African experience. Int. Inf. Libr. Rev. 37, 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/10572317.2005.10762668

Freedom House. (2025). Norway: Country Profile. URL https://freedomhouse.org/country/norway

Fridman, M., Krøvel, R., Palumbo, F., 2023. How (not to) Run an AI Project in Investigative Journalism. Journal. Pract. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2023.2253797

Global Right to Information Rating. (2025). RTI Rating. URL https://www.rti-rating.org/.

Government of Norway, 2021. Transparency Act (Åpenhetsloven). https://lovdata.no/

Gray, J., Chambers, L., Bounegru, L., 2012. The Data Journalism Handbook. O’Reilly Media.

Grimmelikhuijsen, S., John, P., Meijer, A., Worthy, B., 2019. Do freedom of information laws increase transparency of government? A replication of a field experiment. J. Behav. Public Adm. 2. https://doi.org/10.30636/jbpa.12.34

Gutwirth, S., De Hert, P., 2022. Privacy, Data Protection and Law Enforcement. Opacity of the Individual and Transparency of Power. Direito Público 18. https://doi.org/10.11117/rdp.v18i100.6200

Hamilton, J.T., 2018. 6. FOIA and Investigative Reporting: Who’s Asking What, Where, and When—and Why It Matters, in: Pozen, D.E., Schudson, M. (Eds.), Troubling Transparency. Columbia University Press, pp. 116–132. https://doi.org/10.7312/poze18498-008

Hazell, R., Worthy, B., 2010. Assessing the performance of freedom of information. Gov. Inf. Q. 27, 352–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2010.03.005

Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet, 2016a. Forskrift om ledelse og kvalitetsforbedring i helse- og omsorgstjenesten § 6., URL https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2016-10-28-1250

Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet, 2016b. Forskrift om ledelse og kvalitetsforbedring i helse- og omsorgstjenesten § 7., URL https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2016-10-28-1250

Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet, 2016c. Forskrift om ledelse og kvalitetsforbedring i helse- og omsorgstjenesten § 8., URL https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2016-10-28-1250

Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet, 2016d. Forskrift om ledelse og kvalitetsforbedring i helse- og omsorgstjenesten § 9., URL https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2016-10-28-1250

Helsedirektoratet, 2021. Norsk kodeverk for uønskede pasienthendelser.

Honig, D., Lall, R., Parks, B.C., 2023. When Does Transparency Improve Institutional Performance? Evidence from 20,000 Projects in 183 Countries. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 67, 1096–1116. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12698

Hood, C., 2011. The Blame Game: Spin, Bureaucracy, and Self-Preservation in Government. Princet. Univ. Press.

Janssen, M., van den Hoven, J., 2015. Big and Open Linked Data (BOLD) in government: A challenge to transparency and privacy? Gov. Inf. Q. 32, 363–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.11.007

Meldgaard, H.J., Walden, I., 2023. Data protection cultures: A comparative study of Norway, Denmark, and the UK. Comput. Law Secur. Rev. 49, 105906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2023.105906

Michener, G., 2015. Assessing Freedom of Information in Latin America a Decade Later: Illuminating a Transparency Causal Mechanism. SSRN Electron. J. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3290817

Norwegian Directorate of Health, 2023, Healthcare in Norway [WWW Document], 2023. URL https://www.helsenorge.no/en/healthcare/ (accessed 7.29.25).

Pasquier, M., Villeneuve, J.-P., 2007. Organizational barriers to transparency: a typology and analysis of organizational behaviour tending to prevent or restrict access to information. Int. Rev. Adm. Sci. 73, 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852307075701

Reporters Without Borders. (2025). World Press Freedom Index. URL https://rsf.org/en/index.

Roberts, A., 2006. Blacked out: government secrecy in the information age. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge ; New York.

Roziere, B., Walby, K., 2020. The duty to assist in Canadian Freedom of Information law. Can. Public Adm. 63, 582–601. https://doi.org/10.1111/capa.12392

Ruijer, E., Grimmelikhuijsen, S., Meijer, A., 2017. Open data for democracy: Developing a theoretical framework for open data use. Gov. Inf. Q. 34, 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2017.01.001

Silver, D. (2016). The News Media and the FOIA. Communication Law and Policy, 21(4), 493–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/10811680.2016.1216686

Statistics Norway (SSB). (2025). Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (Table 06913). URL https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/06913/

Stenseth, N., Røyseng, S., 2020. Access to public documents in Norway: Balancing openness and confidentiality. Nord. J. Soc. Res. 11, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.7577/njsr.3665

Syvertsen, Trine & Enli, Gunn & Mjos, Ole & Moe, Hallvard. (2014). The Media Welfare State: Nordic Media in the Digital Era. https://doi.org/10.3998/nmw.12367206.0001.001

Tong, J., 2022. Data for Journalism: Between Transparency and Accountability, 1st ed. Routledge, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003030089

Walby, K., Luscombe, A. (Eds.), 2019. Freedom of Information and Social Science Research Design, 1st ed. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429437717

Walby, K., Yaremko, J., 2020. Freedom of Information Audits as Access Advocacy. J. Civ. Inf. 2, 22–42. https://doi.org/10.32473/joci.v2i2.126523

World Bank. 2020. Freedom of Information Access: Key Challenges, Lessons Learned and Strategies for Effective Implementation. © World Bank. URL http://hdl.handle.net/10986/34155 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.

Žuffová, M., 2023. Fit for Purpose? Exploring the Role of Freedom of Information Laws and Their Application for Watchdog Journalism. Int. J. Press. 28, 300–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612211006702

Zuiderwijk, A., Janssen, M., Choenni, S., Meijer, R., Alibaks, R., 2014. Socio-technical implications of big data: A case study in the public sector. Gov. Inf. Q. 31, 118–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.06.005

Downloads

Published

2026-03-27

How to Cite

Palumbo, F., & Krøvel, R. (2026). Data Transparency as a Tool for Accountability: Norwegian Municipalities’ Approaches to Elderly Care Information, and Broader Implications. Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.58235/sjpa.33214

Issue

Section

Original Articles

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.