Tracing the Materiality of Feathers in Stone Age North-Eastern Europe
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37718/CSA.2020.02Keywords:
microarchaeology, wings, feathers, birds, burial practices, masksAbstract
The use of feathers in ritual costumes and everyday clothing is well described in ethnographic sources throughout the world. From the same sources we know that bird wings and feathers were loaded with meaning in traditional societies worldwide. However, direct archaeological evidence of prehistoric use of feathers is still extremely scarce. Hence, feathers belong to the ‘missing majority’: items that are absent from the archaeological record but which we can assume to have been of importance. Here we present microscopic analysis of soil samples from hunter-gatherer burial contexts which reveal the first direct evidence of the use of feathers in the Mesolithic period of north-eastern Europe.
Downloads
References
Ahola, M., Kirkinen, T., Vajanto, K. & Ruokolainen, J. 2018. On the Scent of an Animal Skin: New Evidence on Corded Ware Mortuary Practices in Northern Europe. Antiquity. Vol. 92 pp. 118–131.
Aguilera, C. 2010. The Transformations of the Quetzal Bird. In: Campana, D., Crabtree, P., deFrance, S.D., Lev-Tov, J. & Choyke, A.M. (eds). Anthropological Approaches to Zooarchaeology. Colonialism, Complexity and Animal Transformations, pp. 237–243. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Albrethsen, S.E. & Brinch Petersen, E. 1976. Excavation of a Mesolithic Cemetery at Vedbæk, Denmark. Acta archaeologica. Vol. 47 pp. 1–28.
Back Danielsson, I.-M. 2007. Masking Moments. The Transitions of Bodies and Beings in Late Iron Age Scandinavia. Stockholm: University of Stockholm.
Beatty, M.T. & Bonnichsen, R. 1994. Dispersing aggregated Soils and other fine Earth in the Feld for the Recovery of Organic Archeological Materials. Current Research in the Pleistocene. Vol. 11 pp. 73–77.
Bērziņš, V., Brinker, U., […] Stümpel, H. & Zagorska, I. 2014. New Research at Rinnukalns, a Neolithic Freshwater Shell Midden in northern Latvia. Antiquity. Vol. 88 pp. 715–732.
Brinch Petersen, E. & Meiklejohn, C. 2003. Three Cremations and a Funeral: Aspects of Burial Practice in Mesolithic Vedbaek. In: Kindgren, H., Knutsson, K., Larsson, L. & Loeffler, D. (eds). Mesolithic on the Move: Papers Presented at the Sixth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Stockholm 2000, pp. 485–493. Oxford: Oxbow books.
Brinch Petersen, E., Jønsson, J., Juel, C. & Kjaer, A. 2015. Diversity of Mesolithic Vedbæk. Acta archaeologica. Vol. 86(1) pp. 7–13.
Brinker, U., Valdis Bērziņš, V., […] Zagorska, I., & Schmölcke, U. 2020. Two Burials in a unique Freshwater Shell Midden: Insights into Transformations of Stone Age Hunter-fisher daily Life in Latvia. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. Vol. 12(5) article 97.
Brom, T.G, 1991. The diagnostic and phylogenetic significance of feather structures. Amsterdam: Academisch Proefschrift.
Butrimas, A. 2016. Biržulis Lake Islands Donkalnis and Spiginas Mesolithic Cemeteries (West Lithuania). In: Grünberg, J., Gramsch, B., Larsson, L., Orschiedt, J. & Meller, H. (eds). Mesolithic Burials – Rites, Symbols and Social Organisation of early Postglacial Communities. Mesolithische Bestattungen – Riten, Symbole und soziale Organisation früher postglazialer Gemeinschaften (Intern. Conference Halle/Sa., 18.-21.9.2013), pp. 195–217. Halle (Saale): Landesmuseum fur Vorgeschichte.
Butrimas, A. 2017. From Mesolithic to Early Christianity: The Development of the Ritual Complex in the Northern Part of Lake Biržulis (Lithuania) According to Archaeological, Linguistic and Historical Research. Sociology and Anthropology. Vol. 5 pp. 204–219.
Chen Siang Ng., Ping Wu., […] Wen-Hsiung Li & Cheng-Ming Chuong 2012. The Chicken Frizzle Feather is Due to an a-Keratin (KRT75) Mutation That Causes a Defective Rachis. PLoS Genet. Vol. 8(7) article e1002748.
Croft, S., Monnier, G., Radini, A., Little, A. & Milner, N. 2016. Lithic Residue Survival and Characterisation at Star Carr: a burial experiment. Internet Archaeology. Vol. 42 https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.42.5.
Cristiani, E., Radini, A., Edinborough, M. & Borić, D. 2016. Dental calculus reveals Mesolithic Foragers in the Balkans Consumed Domesticated Plant Foods. PNAS. Vol. 113 pp. 10298–10303.
Dove, C.J. & Sandra, L. & Koch, S.L. 2010. Microscopy of Feathers: A Practical Guide for Forensic Feather Identification. JASTEE. Vol. 1(1) pp. 15–61.
Furst, P.T. 1991. Crowns of Power: Bird and feather Symbolism in Amazonian Shamanism. In: Reina, R.E. & Kensington, K.M. (eds). The Gift of Birds. Feather and Featherworks of native South American Peoples, pp. 92–109. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, University Museum.
Fribus, A.V. & Grushin, S.P. 2017. Bird Feathers in the Makeup of a Neolithic Costume (based on the Materials of the Chumysh-Perekat Cemetery in the south of West Siberia) = А. В. Фрибус, С. П. Грушин. Перья птиц в системе оформления неолитического костюма (по материалам могильника Чумыш-Перекат на юге Западной Сибири). Записки Института истории материальной культуры РАН. СПб.: ИИМК РАН, 2017. № 16. 200 с., pp. 20–34.
Gilligan, I. 2019. Climate, Clothing, and Agriculture in Prehistory. Linking Evidence, Causes, and Effects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gurina, N. 1956 = Гурина Н.Н. 1956. Оленеостровский могильник // Материалы и исследования по археологии СССР, № 47, М-Л.
Hardy, B. L. 2004. Neanderthal behaviour and Stone Tool Function at the Middle Palaeolithic Site of La Quina, France. Antiquity. Vol. 78 pp. 547–565.
Hardy, B.L., Bolus, M. & Conard, N.J. 2008. Hammer or Crescent Wrench? Stone-tool form and Function in the Aurignacian of southwest Germany. Journal of Human Evolution. Vol. 54 pp. 648–662.
Hardy, B.L., Kay, M., Marks, A.E. & Monigal, K. 2001. Stone Tool function at the Paleolithic Sites of Starosele and Buran Kaya III, Crimea: Behavioral Implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Vol. 98 pp. 10972–10977.
Hardy, B.L. & Moncel, M. 2011. Neanderthal use of Fish, Mammals, Birds, Starchy Plants and Wood 125–250,000 Years Ago. PloS One. Vol. 6 article e23768.
Holmberg, U. 1922. The Shaman Costume and its Significance. Annales Universitatis fennica Aboensis. Ser. B Vol. 1/2, pp. 3–36.
Hurcombe, L. 2014. Perishable Material Culture in Prehistory: Investigating the Missing Majority. London & New York: Routledge.
Jaanits, L. 1954. Novye dannye po neolitu Pribaltiki. Sovetskaya Arkheologiya. Vol. 19 pp. 159–204.
Jacobs, K. 1992. Human Population differentiation in the peri-Baltic Mesolithic: the Odontometrics of Oleneostrovskii mogilnik (Karelia). Human Evolution. Vol. 7(4) pp. 33–48.
Juhola, T., Henry, A., Kirkinen, T., Laakkonen, J. & Väliranta, M. 2019. Phytoliths, Parasites, Fibers and Feathers from Dental Calculus and Soil from Iron Age Luistari Cemetery, Finland. Quaternary Science Reviews. Vol. 222 article 105888.
Kelly, L. 2010. A Bird’s Eye View of Ritual at the Cahokia Site. In: Campana, D., Crabtree, P., deFrance, S.D., Lev-Tov, J. & Choyke, A.M. (eds). Anthropological Approaches to Zooarchaeology. Colonialism, Complexity and Animal Transformations, pp. 1–11. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Kirkinen, T. 2019. Between skins — Animal Skins in the Iron Age and Historical Burials in eastern Fennoscandia. PhD thesis, University of Helsinki. Helsinki: Unigrafia. https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/299558/BETWEENS.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Kirkinen, T., Riikonen, J., Dove, C. & Ruohonen, J. in press. The Identification and Use of Fur and Feathers Excavated from the Late Iron Age and Early Medieval (12th–13th centuries) Ravattula Ristimäki Cemetery in Kaarina, Southwest Finland. Fennoscandia archaeologica.
Kriiska, A., Lõugas, L., Lõhmus, M., Mannermaa, K. & Johanson, K. 2007. New AMS dates from Estonian Stone Age Burial Sites. Estonian Journal of Archaeology. Vol. 11 pp. 83–121.
Lehtinen, I. 2002a. Siperian kansat kulttuurien museossa. In: Lehtinen, I. (edSiperia. Taigan ja tundran kansoja, pp. 23–46. Jyväskylä: Gummerus.
Lehtinen, I. 2002b. Siperian kansojen puvut – käytännöllisyyttä ja ylellisyyttä. In: Lehtinen, I. (ed). Siperia. Taigan ja tundran kansoja, pp. 108–145. Jyväskylä: Gummerus.
Loy, T.H. 1993. The artifact as site: An example of the Biomolecular analysis of Organic Residues on Prehistoric Tools. World Archaeology. Vol. 25, pp. 44–63.
McGovern-Wilson, R. 2005. Feathers flying in Paradise: the taking of Birds for their Feathers in Prehistoric Polynesia. In: Grupe, G. & Peters, J. (eds). Feathers, Grit and Symbolism. Birds and Humans in the Ancient Old and New Worlds. Documenta Archaeobiologiae. Vol. 3 pp. 201–221.
Mannering, U. 2017. Iconic Costumes. Scandinavian Late Iron Age Costume Iconography. Ancient Textiles series 25. Oxford & Philadelphia: Oxbow Books.
Mannermaa, K. 2006. Bird Remains in the Human Burials at Zvejnieki, Latvia. Introduction to Bird Fnds and a Proposal for Interpretation. In: Larsson, L. & Zagorska I. (eds). Back to the Origin. New Research in the Mesolithic–Neolithic Zvejnieki Cemetery and Environment, northern Latvia. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia Series. Vol. 8(52), pp. 289–300. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
Mannermaa, K., Zagorska, I., Jungner, H. & Zarina, G. 2007. New Radiocarbon dates of Human and Bird Bones from Zvejnieki Stone Age Burial Ground in northern Latvia. Before Farming. Vol. 1 pp. 1–12.
Mannermaa, K. 2008a. Birds and Burials at Ajvide (Gotland, Sweden) and Zvejnieki (Latvia) about 8000–3900 BP. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. Vol. 27 pp. 201–225.
Mannermaa, K. 2008b. The Archaeology of Wings. Birds and People in the Baltic Sea Region during the Stone Age. Helsinki: Gummerus.
Mannermaa, K. 2018. Humans and Raptors in northern Europe and northwestern Russia before Falconry. In: Gersmann, K.-H. & Grimm, O. (eds). Raptor and Human – Falconry and Bird Symbolism throughout the Millennia on a Global Scale, pp. 257‒276. Kiel/Hamburg: Wachholtz Verlag -- Murmann Publishers.
Mannermaa, K., Kirkinen, T. & Juhola, T. 2019. Nauji plunksnų naudojimo vėlyvojo mezolito ritualiniame kontekste įrodymai. Donkalnio 2 kapo (Lietuva) mikroarcheologija (apie 6000 m. pr. Kr. (BC) / New evidence of feather use in Late Mesolithic Ritual Context. Microarcheology of the Donkalnis Grave 2, Lithuania (c. 6000 cal BC). In: Butrimas, A. (ed). Biržulis. Medžiotojai, žvejai ir senieji žemdirbiai X–II tūkstantmetyje pr. Kr. I. Paminklų tyrinėjimai / Biržulis. Hunters, Fishermen and Ancient Farmers 10 000–1000 BC. I. Research of the Monuments, pp. 374–381. Vilnius.
Meadows, J., Bērziņš, V., […] Zagorska, I. & Zariņa, G. 2018. Stone-Age Subsistence Strategies at Lake Burtnieks, Latvia. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. Vol. 17 pp. 992–1006.
Metcalfe, J. 2018. Pleistocene Hairs: Microscopic Examination Prior to Destructive Analysis. PaleoAmerica. Vol. 4, pp. 16–30.
Monnier, G., Frahm, E., Luo, B. & Missal, K. 2018. Developing FTIR Microspectroscopy for the Analysis of Animal-Tissue Residues on Stone Tools. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. Vol. 25 pp. 1–44.
Morell, V. 1994. Pulling Hair from the Ground. Science. Vol. 265 p. 741.
Napolskikh, V. 1992. Proto-Uralic World Picture: a Reconstruction. In: Hoppal, M & Pentikäinen, J. (eds). Northern Religions and Shamanism, pp. 3–20. Budapest: Akadémiai kiadó.
Nieves Zedeño, M., Field Murray, W. & Chandler, K. 2018. The Inalienable-Continuity Continuum in the Circulation of Birds on the North American Plains. In: Harrison-Buck, E. & Hendon, J.A. (eds). Relational Identities of Other-than-Human Agency in Archaeology, pp. 100–125. Louisville: University Press of Colorado.
O´Shea, J. & Zvelebil. M. 1984. Oleneostrovski Mogilnik: Reconstructing Social and Economic Organization of Prehistoric Forager northern Russia. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. Vol. 3 pp. 1–40.
Overton, N.J. & Hamilakis, Y. 2013. A Manifesto for a Social Zooarchaeology. Archaeological dialogues. Vol. 20 pp. 111–136.
Prokofyeva. Ye, D. 1963. The Costume of an Enets Shaman. In: Michael, H.N. (ed). Studies in Siberian shamanism, Arctic Institute of North America, anthropology of the North: translations from Russian sources, No. 4. Toronto: University of Toronto Press for the Arctic, Institute of North America.
Rast-Eicher, A. 2016. Fibres. Microscopy of Archaeological Textiles and Furs. Budapest: Archaeolingua.
Ravdonikas 1956= Равдоникас В.И. 1956. Неолитический могильник на Южном Оленьем острове Онежского озера. Вступительная статья – МИА. Vol. 47 pp. 7–24
Reina, R.E. & Kensington, K.M. 1991. The gift of birds. Feather and featherworks of native South American peoples. University Museum Monograph 75. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania.
Roiha, J. 2018. Arkeologisten kenttätöiden dokumentointi – kuvaluokittelumenetelmien testaus ja pohdintaa tulevaisuuden dokumentointimenetelmistä. MA-thesis, University of Helsinki. http://hdl.handle.net/10138/289747.
Russell, N. 2018. Spirit Birds at Neolithic Çatalhöyük. Environmental Archaeology. The Journal of Human Palaeoecology. Vol. 24(4) pp. 277-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/14614103.2017.1422685.
Russell, N. & McGowan, K.J. 2003. Dance of the Cranes: Crane Symbolism at Çatalhöyük and beyond. Antiquity. Vol. 77, pp. 445–455.
Schulting, R., Higham, T., […]Gerasimov, D., & Weber, A. Forthcomming. Complex human response to the 8.2 ka BP event in northern Europe.
Sem, T. & Solovyeva, K. 2006. White & Black Shamans. In: Konovalov, A., Sem, T. & Solovyeva, K. (eds). Between the Worlds: Shamanism of the Peoples of Siberia, pp. 258–271. Moscow: Khudozhnik i Kniga Publishers.
Serjeantson 2009. Birds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Siikala, A.-L. 2002. Mythic Images and Shamanism. A Perspective on Kalevala Poetry. Helsinki: Suomalainen tiedeakatemia.
Siikala, A-L. 1999. Suomalainen samanismi. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura
Sillitoe, P. 1988. From Head-Dresses to Head-Messages: The Art of Self-decoration in the high-lands of Papua New Guinea. Man (New Series). Vol. 23 pp. 298–318.
Taksami, C. M. 2001. The Shamans´s Path to Heaven. In: Pentikäinen, J., Saressalo, H. & Taksami, C.M. (eds). Shamanhood Symbolic and Epic, pp. 11–18. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
Taru, P. & Backwell, L. 2013. Identification of Fossil Hairs in Parahyaena brunnea Coprolites from Middle Pleistocene Deposits at Gladysvale cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science. Vol 40 pp. 3674–3685.
Tõrv, M. 2016. Persistent Practices. A Multi-Disciplinary Study of Hunter-Gatherer Mortuary Remains from c. 6500–2600 cal. BC, Estonia. Dissertationes Archaeologiae Universitatis Tartuensis.
Tõrv, M., Lübke, H., Meadows, J., Zagorska, I. & Bērziņš, V. 2019. Soul carriers to the Afterlife? The Context and meaning of the Bird Figurines from Riņņukalns In: Valentin Eriksen, B., Abegg-Wigg, A., Bleile, R. & Ickerodt, U. (eds). Interaktion ohne Grenzen. Beispiele archäologischer Forschungen am Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts. Interaction without borders. Exemplary archaeological research at the beginning of the 21st century. Band 1(1), pp. 49–62. Kiel: Wachholtz Verlag.
Wilson, A. 2008. The Decomposition of Hair in the Buried Body Environment. In: Tibbett, M. & Carter, D.O. (eds). Soil Analysis in Forensic Taphonomy. Chemical and Biological Effects of Buried Human Remains, pp. 123–151. Florida: Boca Raton.
Zagorska, I. 2006. Radiocarbon Chronology of the Zvejnieki Burials. In: Larsson, L. & Zagorska, I. (eds). Back to the Origin. New Research in the Mesolithic–Neolithic Zvejnieki Cemetery and Environment, northern Latvia. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia Series. vol. 8 (52), pp. 91–114. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
Zagorska, I. & Lõugas, L. 2000. The tooth pendant head-dresses of Zvejnieki cemetery. In: Lang., V. & Kriiska, A. (eds). De temporibus antiquissimis ad honorem Lembit Jaanits. Muinasaja teadus. Vol. 8 pp. 223–244.
Zagorskis, F. 2004. Zvejnieki (Northern Latvia) Stone Age Cemetery. BAR International series 1292. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Yakimov 1960 = Якимов В.П. 1960. Антропологические материалы из неолитического могильника на Южном Оленьем острове (Онежское озеро). Сборник Музея антропологии и этнографии, т.19. Институт этнографии им. Н.Н. Миклухо-Маклая АН СССР; отв. ред. С.П. Толстов. М-Л.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1960.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Kristiina Mannermaa, Tuija Kirkinen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors contributing to Current Swedish Archaeology retain copyright of their work, with first publication rights granted to the Swedish Archaeological Society. Read the journal's full Copyright- and Licensing Policy.