Engraved Biographies: Rock Art and the Life-Histories of Bronze Age Objects
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37718/CSA.2014.09Keywords:
animated objects, cultural biographies of objects, Bronze Age, burial practice, northern EuropeAbstract
This article deals with engravings depicting some times lifesized Bronze Age metal objects from “closed” burial contexts and “openair” sites in northern Europe. These rock art images have mainly been used for comparative dating with the purpose of establishing rock art chronologies, or interpreted as a poor man’s” substitute for real ob jects that were sacrificed to immaterial gods and goddesses. In this article, these rock art images are pictured from a perspective that highlights the mu tual cultural biography of humans and objects. It is argued that the rare engravings of bronze ob jects at scale 1:1 are best explained as famous ani mated objects that could act as secondary agents, which sometimes allowed them to be depicted and remembered. Moreover, two different social set tings are distinguished for such memory practice: maritime nodes or third spaces where Bronze Age Argonauts met before, during or after their jour neys, e.g. places where novel technological and/or famous objects entered and reentered the social realms, and burial contexts where animated objects sometimes was buried at the end of their lifecourse
Downloads
References
Abbott, M. & AndersonWhymark, H. 2012. Stonehenge Laser Scan Archaeologi- cal Analysis Report. London: English Heritage Research Report Series 32–2012.
Almgren, B. 1960. Hällristningar och bronsåldersdräkt. Tor 6, 19–50.
Almgren, B. 1962. Den osynliga gudomen. In: Svenska Arkeologiska Samfundet (Ed.). Proxima Thule: Sverige och Europa under forntid och medeltid. Hyllningsskrift till H.M. Konungen den 11 november 1962. Pp. 53–71. Stockholm: Svenska Arke ologiska Samfundet.
Almgren, B. 1987. Die Datierung Bronzezeitlicher Felszeichnungen in Westschweden. Uppsala: Acta Musei Antiquitatum Septentrionalium Regiae Universitatis Upsali ensis 6.
Althin, C.A. 1945. Studien zu den Bronzezeitlichen Felszeichnungen von Skåne I–II. Lund: Gleerups Förlag.
Anati, E. 2004. The Civilisations of Rocks: Valcamonica, a History for Europe. Capo di Ponte: Edizioni del Centro.
Androshchuk, F. 2014. Viking Swords: Swords and Social Aspects of Weaponry in Vi- king Age Societies. Stockholm: The Swedish History Museum, Studies 23.
Aner, E. & Kersten, K. 1973–. Die Funde der Älteren Bronzezeit des nordischen Kre- ises in Dänemark, Schleswig-Holstein und Niedersachsen Bd 1–20. Neumünster: Wachholtz Verlag.
Arrhenius, B. 2009. Brisingamen and the Menet Necklace. In: Freeden, U., Friesinger,
H. & Wamers, E. (Eds). Glaube, Kult und Herrschaft: Phänomene des Religiösen im 1. Jahrtausend n. Chr. in Mittel- und Nordeuropa. Pp. 219–230. Bonn: Akten des 59. Internationalen Sachsensymposions und der Grundprobleme der Frühge schichtlichen Entwicklung im Mitteldonauraum, Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.
Back Danielsson, I.M., Fahlander, F. & Sjöstrand, Y. (Eds.) 2012. Encountering Im- agery: Materialities, Perceptions, Relations. Stockholm: Stockholm Studies in Ar chaeology 57.
Bahn, P. G., Franklin, N. R. & Strecker, M. (Eds.) 2008. Rock Art Studies. News of the World 3. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Bahn, P. G., Strecker, M. & Franklin, N. R. (Eds.) 2012. Rock Art Studies. News of the World 4. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Barnes, M. 1972. Sverdnavn. In: Granlund, J. & Andersson, I. (Eds). Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder fra vikingetid til reformationstid 17. Pp. 544–547. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde og Bagger.
Barnes, M. 1982. Våpennavn. In: Granlund, J. & Andersson, I. (Eds). Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder fra vikingetid til reformationstid 20. Pp. 282–285. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde og Bagger.
Baudou, E. 1960. Die regionale und chronologische Einteilung der jüngeren Bronzezeit im Nordischen Kreis. Stockholm: Stockholm Studies in Archaeology 1.
Bertilsson, U. 1987. The Rock Carvings of Northern Bohuslän. Spatial Structures and Social Symbols. Stockholm: Stockholm Studies in Archaeology 7.
Bevan, L. 2006. Worshippers and Warriors: Reconstructing Gender and Gender Rela- tions in the Prehistoric Rock Art of Naquane National Park, Valcamonica, Brescia, Northern Italy. Oxford: BAR International Series 1485.
Bradley, R. 1997. Rock Art and the Prehistory of Atlantic Europe: Signing the Land. London: Routledge.
Bradley, R. 2008. Ship Settings and Boat Crews in the Bronze Age of Scandinavia. In: Goldhahn, J. (Ed.). Gropar och monument: En vänbok till Dag Widholm. Pp. 171–184. Kalmar: Kalmar Studies in Archaeology IV.
Broström, S.G. 1990. Hällristning på Fårö: Rapport över dokumentation av hällrist- ning RAÄ nr 379 i Fårö s:n på Gotland utförd 1999 av Botark. Tumba: Botark.
Brunius, C. G. 1868. Försök till förklaringar öfver Hällristningarna med femton plancher. Lund: Berlinska Boktryckeriet.
Burenhult, G. 1980. Götalands hällristningar. Del I. Stockholm: Theses and Paper in NorthEuropean Archaeology 10.
Capelle, T. 1972. Felsbilder in Nordwestdeutschland. Acta Archaeologica XLIII, 229– 238.
Challis, S. 2009. Taking the Reins: The Introduction of the Horse in the Nineteenth century MalotiDrakensberg and the Protective Medicine of Baboons. In: Mitchell, P. & Smith, B. (Eds). The Eland’s People: Essays in Memory of Patricia Vinnicombe. Pp. 104–107. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
Challis, S. 2012. Creolisation on the Nineteenthcentury Frontiers of Southern Africa: A Case Study of the AmaTola ‘Bushmen’ in the MalotiDrakensberg. Journal of Southern African Studies, 38 (2), 265–280.
Cochrane, A. & Jones, A. M. (Eds.) 2012. Visualising the Neolithic – Abstraction, Fig- uration, Performance, Representation. Oakville, CT: Oxbow Books
Coles, J. M. 1999. Bronze Age Shields in Reality and Reflection. In: Gustafsson, A. & Karlsson, H. (Eds). Glyfter och arkeologiska rum – en vänbok till Jarl Nordbladh. Pp. 453–463. Göteborg: Gotarc Serie A3.
Coles, J. M. 2000. Patterns in a Rocky Land: Rock Carvings in South-West Uppland, Sweden. Uppsala: Aun 27.
Coles, J. M. 2005. Shadows of a Northern Past: Rock Carvings of Bohuslän and Øst- fold. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Comendador Rey, B. 1999. Los inicios de la metalurgia en el Noroeste de la Península Ibérica. Coruña: Museo Aqueolóxico, Monografias 11.
Crumlin-Pedersen, O. & Trakadas, A. (Eds.) 2003. Hjortspring – a Pre-Roman Iron- Age Warship in Context. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde.
Davidson, H. R. E. 1943. The Road to Hel: A Study of the Conception of the Dead in Old Norse Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Davidson, H. R. E. 1994. The Sword in Anglo-Saxon England: Its Archaeology and Literature. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
Davidson, H. R. E. 1996. Viking and Norse Mythology. Rev. ed. London: Chancellor.
Domingo Sanz, I., Fiore, . & May, S. K. (Eds.) 2008. Archaeologies of Art: Time, Place and Identity. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
Ekholm, G. 1921. Studier i Upplands bebyggelsehistoria II. Bronsåldern. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitets Årsskrift 1921.
Fábregas Valcarce, R. & RodríguezRellán, C. 2012. Images in their Time: New In sights into the Galician Petroglyphs In: Jones, A. M., Pollard, J., Allen, M. J. & Gar diner, J. (Eds). Image, Memory and Monumentality: Archaeological Engagements with the Material World. A Celebration of the Academic Achievements of Profes- sor Richard Bradley. Pp. 249–259. London: Prehistoric Society’s Research Paper 5.
Fábregas Valcarce, R., RodríguezRellán, C. & Rodríguez Álvarez, E. 2009. Repre sentacións de armas no interior de Galicia (Comarca de Deza, Pontevedra). Unha reflexión sobre a distribución e cronoloxía destes motivos. Gallaecia 28, 49–68.
Fontijn, D. R. 2002. Sacrificial Landscapes: Cultural Biographies of Persons, Objects and ‘Natural’ Places in the Bronze Age of the Southern Netherlands, c. 2300–600 BC. Leiden: Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 33/34.
Fossøy, H. S. & Bergerbrant, S. 2013. Creativity and Corded Skirts from Bronze Age Scandinavia. Textile: The Journal of Cloth and Culture 11 (1), 20–37.
Franck, J. B. 2004. Helleristninger og realia. In: Milstreu, G. & Prøhl, H. (Eds). Pre- historic Pictures as Archaeological Source/ Förhistoriska bilder som arkeologisk källa. Pp. 211–212. Göteborg: Gotarc Serie C. Arkeologiska Skrifter 50, 179–189.
Fredell, Å. 2003. Bildbroar: Figurativ bildkommunikation av ideologi och kosmologi under sydskandinavisk bronsålder och förromersk järnålder. Göteborg: Gotarc Serie B. Gothenburg Archaeological Thesis 25.
Frieman, C. J. 2012. Going to Pieces at the Funeral: Completeness and Complexity in British Early Bronze Age Jet Necklace Assemblages. Journal of Social Archaeology 12 (3), 334–255.
Gansum, T. 2004. Role the Bones – from Iron to Steel. Norwegian Archaeological Re- view 37 (1), 41–57.
Gell, A. 1998. Art and Agency. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gillette, D. L., Greer, M., Hayward, M. Helene & Murray, .W. B. (Eds.) 2014. Rock Art and Sacred Landscapes. One World Archaeology 8. New York: Springer.
Glob, P. V. 1961. Kultbåde fra Danmarks bronzealder. Kuml 1961, 9–18.
Glob, P. V. 1969. Helleristninger i Danmark. Odense: Jysk Arkæologisk Selskabs Skrifter VII.
Goldhahn, J. 1999. Sagaholm – hällristningar och gravritual. Umeå: Studia Archaeo logica Universitatis Umensis 11.
Goldhahn, J. 2005. Från Sagaholm till Bredarör – hällbildsstudier 2000–2004. Göte borg: Gotarc Serie C. Arkeologiska Skrifter 62.
Goldhahn, J. 2007. Dödens hand – en essä om brons- och hällsmed. Göteborg: Gotarc Serie C. Arkeologiska Skrifter 65.
Goldhahn, J. 2008a. Hällbildsstudier i norra Europa – trender och tradition under det nya millenniet. 2nd ed. with English summary. Göteborg: Gotarc Serie C. Arke ologiska Skrifter 64.
Goldhahn, J. 2008b. From Monuments in Landscape to Landscape in Monuments: Death and Landscape in Early Bronze Age Scandinavia. In: Jones, A. (Ed.). Prehis- toric Europe: Theory and Practice. Pp. 56–85. Global Archaeologies Series. Oxford and New York, Blackwell.
Goldhahn, J. 2009. Bredarör on Kivik: A Monumental Cairn and the History of its In terpretation. Antiquity 83, 359–371.
Goldhahn, J. 2010. Rock Art for the Dead and Undead: Reflections of the Significance of Hand Stones in Late Bronze Age Scandinavia. Adoranten 2009, 95–103.
Goldhahn, J. 2012. In the Wake of a Voyager. Feet, Boats and Death Rituals in the North European Bronze Age. In: Jones, A. M., Pollard, J., Allen, M. J. & Gardiner, J. (Eds). Image, Memory and Monumentality: Archaeological Engagements with the Material World. A Celebration of the Academic Achievements of Professor Richard Bradley. Pp. 218–232. London: Prehistoric Society’s Research Paper 5.
Goldhahn, J. 2013a. Bredarör på Kivik – en arkeologisk odyssé. Kalmar: Kalmar Stud ies in Archaeology 9.
Goldhahn, J. 2013b. Rethinking Bronze Age Cosmology – a North European Perspec tive. In: Fokkens, H. & Harding, A. (Eds). Handbook of European Bronze Age. Pp. 248–265. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Goldhahn, J., Fuglestvedt, I. & Jones, A. (Eds.) 2010. Changing Pictures: Rock Art Traditions and Visions in Northern Europe. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Goldhahn, J., Wikell, R., Broström, S.G. & Ihrestam, K. 2012. Bronsålderns hällbilder i Tjust. Tjustbygden 2011, 35–68.
Gräslund, B. 1987. The Birth of Prehistoric Chronology: Dating Methods and Dat- ing Systems in Nineteenth-century Scandinavian Archaeology. Cambridge: Cam bridge University Press.
Hedeager, L. 2011. Iron Age Myth and Materiality: An Archaeology of Scandinavia AD 400–1000. New York: Routledge.
Herner, E. 1998. Föremålskatalog. In: Kindgren, H. (Ed.). Bronser: Bronsåldersfynd i Göteborgs och Bohus län. Pp. 9–69. Uddevalla: Bohusläns museum.
Herschend, F. 2001. Journey of Civilisation: The Late Iron Age View of the Human World. Uppsala: Occasional Papers in Archaeology 24.
Hesse, S. 2006. Der Grabhügel mit Bildstein von Anderlingen: Forschungsegeschichte, Grabungen, Rekonstruktionen. Archäologische Berichte des Landkreises Roten- burg (Wümme) 13, 5–49.
Hildebrand, B.E. 1869. Till hvilken tid och hvilket folk böra de Svenska Hällristnin garne hänföras? Antiqvarisk Tidskrift för Sverige II, 417–432.
Hodder, I. 2012. Entangled: An Archaeology of the Relationships between Humans and Things. Malden, MA: WileyBlackwell.
Holmberg, A. E. 1848. Skandinaviens hällristningar, arkeologisk afhandling. Stock holm: P. G. Berg.
Hoskins, J. 1998. Biographical Objects. London: Routledge.
Ingold, T. 2000. The Perception of the Environment: Essays in Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. London: Routledge.
Jensen, J. 1992. Thomsens museum: Historien om Nationalmuseet. Copenhagen: Gyl dendal.
Jensen, J. 2002. Danmarks oldtid: Bronzealder 2000–500 f.Kr. København: Gyldendal. Johannsen, J. W. 2010. The Wheeled Vehicles of the Bronze Age. Acta Archaeologica 81 (1), 150–250.
Johansen, Ø. K. 1981. Metallfunnene i østnorsk bronsealder. Oslo: Universitetets Old saksamlings Skrifter, Ny Rekke 4.
Johansen, Ø. K. 2000. Bronse og makt. Oslo: Andresen & Butenschøn.
Jones, A. M., Freedman, D. & O’Connor, B. (Eds.) 2011. An Animate Landscape: Rock Art and the Prehistory of Kilmartin, Argyll, Scotland. Oxford: Windgather Press.
Joy, J. 2009. Reinvigorating Object Biography: Reproducing the Drama of Object Lives. World Archaeology 41 (4), 540–556.
Kaul, F. 1998. Ship on Bronzes: A Study in Bronze Age Religion and Iconography. PNM Studies in Archaeology and History 3:1/2. Copenhagen: National Museum.
Kaul, F. 2004. Bronzealderens religion – studier af den nordiske bronzealders ikono- grafi. København: Det Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab.
Kaul, F. 2012. Lennart Åberg og den tidlige forskningshistorie omkring bronzealder ens helleristninger. Aarbøger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie 2010, 67–96.
Keyser, J. D. 1992. Indian Rock Art of the Columbia Plateau. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Keyser, J. D. 2004. Art of the Warriors: Rock Art of the American Plains. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Kjellén, E. 1976. Upplands hällristningar. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien.
Kjellén, E. & Hyenstrand, Å. 1977. Hällristningar och bronsålderssamhälle i sydvästra Uppland. Uppsala: Upplands Fornminnesförenings Tidskrift 49.
Kopytoff, I. 1986. The Cultural Biography of Things. In: Appadurai, A. (Ed.). The So- cial Life of Things. Pp. 64–91. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kristiansen, K. 1987. Centre and Periphery in Bronze Age Scandinavia. In: Rowlands, M., Larsen, M. & Kristiansen, K. (Eds). Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Pp. 74–85. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kristiansen, K. 1998. Europe before History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kristiansen, K. 2002. The Tale of the Sword – Swords and Swordfighters in Bronze Age Europe. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 21 (4), 319–332.
Kristiansen, K. & Larsson, T. B. 2005. The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Trans- missions and Transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Larsson, T. B. 1986. The Bronze Age Metalwork in Southern Sweden. Aspects of Social and Spatial Organization 1800–500 B.C. Umeå: Archaeology and Environment 6.
Latour, B. 2005. Reassembling the Social. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Laxdæla saga. 1969. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
Lindblad, R. 2011. Hällristningsyxor och deponerade yxor i bronsålderns Östergötland och Uppland. Fornvännen 106 (4), 281–289.
Lindow, J. 2002. Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ling, J. 2008. Elevated Rock Art – Towards a Maritime Understanding of Bronze Age Rock Art in Northern Bohuslän, Sweden. Göteborg: Gotarc Serie B, Gothenburg Archaeological Theses 49.
Ling, J. 2013. Rock Art and Seascapes in Uppland. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Ling, J., HjärthnerHoldar, E., Grandin, L., Billström, K. & Persson, P.O. 2013. Mov ing Metals or Indigenous Mining? Provenancing Scandinavian Bronze Age Arte facts by Lead Isotopes and Trace Elements. Journal of Archaeological Science 40, 291–304.
Ling, J., HjärthnerHoldar, E., Grandin, L., Billström, K. & Persson, P.O. 2014. Mov ing Metals II: Provenancing Scandinavian Bronze Age Artefacts by Lead Isotope and Elemental Analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science 41, 106–132.
Linge, T. E. 2007. Mjeltehaugen – fragment frå gravritual. Bergen: Arkeologisk insti tutt, Universitetet i Bergen, UBAS Hovedfag/master 3.
Lund, J. 2009. Åsted og vadested: Deponeringer, genstandsbiografier og rumlig struk- turering som kilde til vikingetidens kognitive landskaber. Oslo: Acta Humaniora 389.
Lund, J. & Melheim, A. L. 2011. Heads and Tails – Minds and Bodies: Reconsidering the Late Bronze Age Vestby Hoard in Light of Symbolist and Body Perspectives. European Journal of Archaeology 14 (3), 441–464.
Malinowski, B. 1922. Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native En- terprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Malmer, M. P. 1981. A Chorological Study of North European Rock Art. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien, Antikvariska Serien 32.
Mandt, G. 1972. Bergbilder i Hordaland. Årbok for Universitetet i Bergen 1970, 1–247. Mandt, G. 1991. Vestnorske ristninger i tid og rom: Kronologiske, korologiske og kontekstuelle studier I–II. Bergen: Bergen Universitet.
Marstrander, S. 1963. Østfolds jordbruksristninger – Skjeberg. Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenliknende Kulturforskning Serie B 53.
Mauss, M. 2002. The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies. London: Routledge.
May, S. K., Taçon, P. T. C., Guse, D. & Travers, M. 2010. Painting History: Indigenous Observations and Depictions of the ‘Other’ in Northwestern Arnhem Land, Aus tralia. Australian Archaeology 70, 29–37.
McDonald, J. & Veth, P. M. (Eds.) 2012. A Companion to Rock Art. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
McNiven, I. J. & Russell, L. 2002. Ritual Response: Place Marking and the Colonial Frontier in Australia. In: David, B. & Wilson, M. (Eds). Inscribed Landscapes: Marking and Making Place. Pp. 27–41. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Melheim, A. L. 2012. Reconsidering a Periphery: Scenarios of Copper Production in Southern Norway. In: Anfinset, N. & Wrigglesworth, M. (Eds). Local Societies in Bronze Age Northern Europe. Pp. 89–107. Oxford: Equinox Publishing.
Melheim, L. & Horn C. 2014. Tales of Hoards and Swordfighters in Early Bronze Age Scandinavia. The Brand New and the Broken. Norwegian Archaeological Review 2014, 1–24.
Moberg, C.A. 1970. Comments on Rock Carvings in Østfold, Skjeberg. Norwegian Archaeological Review 1970 3 (1), 98–102.
Munn, N. 1986. The Fame of Gawa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Myhre, B. 1981. Sola og Madla i førhistorisk tid. Stavanger: AmSSmåtrykk 10. Myhre, B. 1994. Haugbrott eller gravplyndring i tidlig kristen tid. In: Hansen, J. I. &
Bjerva, K. G. (Eds). Fra Hammer til Kors – 1000 år med kristendom. Brytingstid i Viken. Pp. 68–85. Oslo: Schibsteds Forlag.
Myhre, B. 2004. Undersøkelse av storhauger på Borre i Vestfold. In: Larsen, J. H. & Rolfsen, P. (Eds). Halvdanshaugen – arkeologi, historie og naturvitenskap. Pp. 203–226. Oslo: Universitetets Kulturhistoriske Museer, Skrifter 3.
Nimura, C. 2012. Rock Art and Coastal Change in Bronze Age Scandinavia. In: Back Danielsson, I.M., Fahlander, F. & Sjöstrand, Y. (Eds). Encountering Imagery: Materialities, Perceptions, Relations. Pp. 117–132. Stockholm: Stockholm Stud ies in Archaeology 57.
Nordén, A. 1925. Östergötlands Bronsålder. Linköping: Henric Carlssons Bokhan dels Förlag.
Nordén, A. 1930. Kiviksgraven och andra fornminnen i Kivikstrakten. 3rd ed. Stock holm: Kungl. Historie Vitterhets och Antikvitets Akademin, Svenska Fornminne splatser 1.
Nordén, A. 1942. Kiviksgraven och andra fornminnen i Kivikstrakten. 4th ed. Stock holm: Kungl. Historie Vitterhets och Antikvitets Akademin, Svenska Fornminne splatser 1.
Nordenborg Myhre, L. 2004. Trialectic Archaeology: Monuments and Space in South- west Norway 1700–500 BC. Stavanger: AmSSkrifter 18.
Olsen, B. 2010. In Defense of Things. New York: Altamira Press.
Ørsnes, M. 1958. Borbjergfundet. Aarbøger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie 1958, 1–107.
Østmo, E. 1992. Helleristninger i et utkantstrøk: Bidrag til skipshistorien fra nye jer- naldersristninger på Dalbo i Bærum. Oslo: Varia 24.
Ouzman, S. 2003. Indigenous Images of a Colonial Exotic: Imaginings from Bushmen Southern Africa. Before Farming 1 (6), 239–256.
Parker Pearson, M., Marshall, P., Pollard, J., Richards, C., Thomas, J. & Welham, K. 2013. Stonehenge. In: Fokkens, H. & Harding, A. (Eds). Handbook of European Bronze Age. Pp. 159–178. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Paterson, A. & Wilson, A. 2009. Indigenous Perceptions of Contact at Inthanoona, Northwest Western Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 44, 99–111.
Pearce, M. 2013. The Spirit of the Sword and Spear. Cambridge Archaeological Jour- nal 23, 55–67.
Priuli, A. 2002. Valcamonica: Valley of Prehistory. Capo Di Ponte: Priuli Edizioni. Randsborg, K. 1998. Plundered Bronze Age Graves: Archaeological and Social Implications. Acta Archaeologica 69, 113–138.
RodríguezRellán, C. & Fábregas Valcarce, R. 2013. Beyond the Borders: Some Thoughts on Galician Rock Art. In: Sanches, M. J. (Coord.). 1ª Mesa-Redonda. Arte Rupestre da Pré-História e da Proto-História: paradigmas e metodologías de registro. Pp. 239–248. Santiago de Compostela: Trabalhos de Arqueologia 54.
Røthe, G. 1997. Fra Olav Geirstadalv til Olav den hellige. In: Frost, T. (Ed.). Gokstad- høvdingen og hans tid. Pp. 25–42. Sandefjord, Sandefjordmuseene.
Schaafsma, P. 2013. Images and Power: Rock Art and Ethics. New York: Springer.
Schnittger, B. 1922. En hällristning vid BergaTuna i Södermanland. Fornvännen 17, 77–112.
Selinge, K. G. 1989. Västergötland. Hällristningar och hällmålningar i Sverige. In: Jan son, S., Lundberg, E. B. & Bertilsson, U. (Eds). Pp. 131–146. Stockholm: Forum.
Skoglund, P. (med bidrag av S.G. Broström & K. Ihrestam) 2006. Hällristningar i Kro- nobergs län: Motiv, myter och dokumentation. Lund: University of Lund Institute of Archaeology, Report Series 97.
Smith, B., Helskog, K. A. & Morris, D. (Eds.) 2012. Working with Rock Art: Record- ing, Presenting and Understanding Rock Art Using Indigenous Knowledge. Johan nesburg: Wits University Press.
Sognnes, K. 1987. Bergkunsten i Stjørdal 2: Typologi og kronologi i Nedre Stjørdal. Trondheim: Gunneria 56.
Sognnes, K. 2001. Prehistoric Imagery and Landscapes: Rock Art in Stjørdal, Trøn- delag, Norway. Oxford: BAR International Series 998.
Steinsland, G. 2011. Origin Myths and Rulership: From the Viking Age Ruler to the Ruler of Medieval Historiography: Continuity, Transformations and Innovations. In: Steinsland, G., Sigurdsson, J. V., Rekdal, J. E. & Beuermann, I. (Eds). Ideology and Power in the Viking and Middle Ages. Scandinavia, Iceland, Ireland, Orkney and the Faeroes. Pp. 14–68. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.
Sundstrom, L. 2004. Storied Stones: Indian Rock Art in the Black Hill County. Nor man: University of Oklahoma Press.
Syvertsen, K. I. J. 2002. Ristninger i graver – graver med ristninger. In: Goldhahn, J. (Ed.). Bilder av bronsålder – ett seminarium om förhistorisk kommunikation. Pp. 151–183. Lund: Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, Series in 8°, 37.
Syvertsen, K. I. J. 2005. Rogalands ristninger i graver som transformerende og stabi liserende faktorer i tilværelsen. In: Goldhahn, J. (Ed.). Mellan sten och järn: Rap- port från det 9:e nordiska bronsålderssymposiet, Göteborg 2003-10-09/12. Pp. 503–520. Göteborg: Gotarc Serie C. Arkeologiska Skrifter 59.
Thrane, H. 1975. Forbindelser med Europa nord for Alperne i Danmarks yngre bron- cealder (per. IV–V). København: Nationalmuseets Skrifter, ArkæologiskHistor isk Rekke 16.
Twohig, E. S. 1981. The Megalithic Art of Western Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Vandkilde, H. 1996. From Stone to Bronze: The Metalwork of the Late Neolithic and
Earliest Bronze Age in Denmark. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
Veth, P. M., Sutton, P. & Neale, M. (Eds.) 2008. Strangers on the Shore: Early Coastal Contact in Australia. Canberra: National Museum of Australia.
Vogt, D. 2011. Rock Carvings in Østfold and Bohuslän, South Scandinavia: An Inter- pretation of Political and Economic Landscapes. Oslo: The Institute for Compara tive Research in Human Culture/Novus Forlag.
Wahlgren, K. H. 2002. Bilder av betydelse: Hällristningar och bronsålderslandskap i nordöstra Östergötland. Stockholm: Stockholm Studies in Archaeology 23.
Wahlgren, K. H. 2004. Switching Images On and Off: Rock Carving Practice and Mean ing in the Bronze Age Lifeworld. In: Milstreu, G. & Prøhl, H. (Eds). Prehistoric Pictures as Archaeological Source/ Förhistoriska bilder som arkeologisk källa. Pp. 149–165, 209–211. Göteborg: Gotarc Serie C. Arkeologiska Skrifter 50.
Welinder, S. 1974. A Study of the Scanian Rock Carvings by Quantitative Methods. Meddelanden från Lunds Universitets Historiska Museum 1973/1974, 244–275.
Wesley, D. 2013. Firearms in Rock Art of Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia. Rock Art Research 30 (2), 235–247.
Widholm, D. 1998. Rösen, ristningar, riter. Lund: Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, Se ries in Prima 4°, 23.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors contributing to Current Swedish Archaeology retain copyright of their work, with first publication rights granted to the Swedish Archaeological Society. Read the journal's full Copyright- and Licensing Policy.