To Bring Back some Eagleness to Eagles: On Bird Worldings in the Bronze Age

Authors

  • Joakim Goldhahn Kimberley Foundation Ian Potter Chair in Rock Art, School of Social Sciences, University of Western Australia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37718/CSA.2020.03

Keywords:

Ornithoarchaeology, Assemblage theory, Burial archaeology, Sympathetic magic

Abstract

This paper explores multispecies relations in the Bronze Age in northern Europe in general, and in particular some of the intra-actions between humans and eagles. The paper is a call to embrace eagles as co-actors in unfolding human worldings. It demonstrates that more than one relationship and intra-action unfolded between humans and eagles during the Bronze Age; some were male-gendered and others were revealed as significant for females and children. It is argued that to be able to detect these and similar complex relationships between humans and others-than-humans in the past, we need to try to seek more enmeshed ways to assemble data which combine, contrast, and explore the complexity of different strands of evidence.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aftenposten 9 June 1932. https://kundeportal.aftenposten.no/produkt/aftenposten-arkiv/ [Accessed 13 May 2019].

Althin, C.-A. 1945. Studien zu den Bronzezeitlichen Felszeichnungen von Skåne. Lund: Glerup.

Armstrong, K. O. 2007. Human-Animal Relationships: Mutual becoming in the Household of Scandinavia and Sicily 900–500 BC. Oslo: Oslo Arkeologiske Serie 9.

Armstrong, K. O. 2018. The Sheep People. Oxford: Equinox Publishing.

Barad, K. 2007. Meeting the Universe Halfway. Durham: Duke University Press.

BBC News 23 August 2001. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1505740.stm. Accessed [12 April 2019].

BBC News 12 July 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-36771205. [Accessed 12 April 2019].

Bech, J.-H., Eriksen, B. V. & Kristiansen, K. (eds) 2018. Bronze Age Settlement and Land-Use in Thy, Northwest Denmark. Jutland Archaeological Society Publications 102. Højbjerg: Jutland Archaeological Society.

Bennett, J. 2010. Vibrant Matter. London: Duke University Press.

Bergerbrant, S. 2007. Bronze Age Identities: Costume, Conflict and Contact in Northern Europe 1600–1300 BC. Stockholm Studies in Archaeology 43. Lindome: Bricoulur.

Bergerbrant, S., Kristiansen, K., […] Sjögren, K.-G. & Tornberg, A. 2017. Identifying Commoners in the Bronze Age: Burials Outside Barrows. In: Bergerbrant, S. & Wessman, A. (eds), New Perspectives on the Bronze Age: Proceedings from the 13th Nordic Bronze Age Symposium, held in Gothenburg 9th June to 13th June 2015, pp. 37-64. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Berntsson, A. 2005. Två män i en båt: Om människans relation till havet under bronsåldern. Institute of Archaeology, Report Series 93 Lund: Univeristy of Lund.

Broholm, H. C. 1946. Danmarks Bronzealder. Tredie Bind. Samlede fund fra den Yngre Bronzealder. København: Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck.

Cocker, M. 2013. Birds and People. London: Jonathan Cape.

Collar, N. J., Long, A. J., Robles Gil, P. & Rojo, J. 2007. Birds and People: Bonds in a Timeless Journey. Mexico City: Birdlife International.

Coles, J. M. 2003. And on They Went… Processions in Scandinavian Bronze Age Rock Carvings. Acta Archaeologica. Vol. 74 pp. 211-250.

Crellin, R. J. 2017. Changing Assemblages: Vibrant Matter in Burial Assemblages. Cambridge Archaeological Journal. Vol. 27(1) pp. 111-125.

DeLanda, M. 2016. Assemblage Theory. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Deleuze, G. & Guattari, F. 1994. What is Philosophy? New York: Columbia University Press.

Deleuze, G. & Guattari, F. 2004. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. London: Continuum.

Derrida, J. 1994. Spectres of Marx: The State and the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International. London: Routledge.

Descola, P. 2010. Cognition, Perception and Worlding. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. Vol. 35 (3–4) pp. 334–340.

Descola, P. 2013. Beyond Nature and Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Dirrigl Jr, F.J., Brush, T., Morales-Muñiz, A. & Bartosiewicz, L. 2020. Prehistoric and Historical Insights in Avian Zooarchaeology, Taphonomy and Ancient Bird Use. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. Vol. 12, article No. 57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01016-2.

Draiby, B. 1989. Kvinde og mandsgrave i yngre bronsealder: Regionale variationer. In: Poulsen, J. (ed). Regionale forhold i Nordisk Bronzealder, pp. 149–159. Jysk Arkæologiske Selskabs Skrifter XXIV. Aarhus: Jysk Arkæologiske Selskab.

Earle, T. & Kristiansen, K. (eds) 2010. Organizing Bronze Age Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Earle, T. 2002. Bronze Age Economics. Boulder: Westview Press.

Ericson, P.G.P. & Tyrberg, T. 2004. The Early History of the Swedish Avifauna. Antikvariska Serien 45. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets-, Historie- och Antikvitets Akademien.

Family Magazine October 1836. http://www.strangehistory.net/2010/11/05/baby-eating-eagles/. [Accessed 12 April 2019].

Fowler, C. 2013. The Emergent Past. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Frieman, C.J., Brück, J., Rebay-Salisbury, K., Bergerbrant, S., Montón-Subias, S., Sofaer, J., Knüsel, C. J., Vandkilde, H., Giles, M., & Treherne, P. 2017. Aging Well: Treherne´s ‘Warriors Beauty’ Two Decade Later. European Journal of Archaeology. Vol. 20 (1) pp. 36-73.

Golden Eagle Snatches Kid (Montreal, Canada). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CE0Q904gtMI. [Accessed 12 April 2019].

Goldhahn, J. & Fuglestvedt, I. 2012. Engendering North European Rock Art: Bodies and Cosmologies in Stone and Bronze Age imagery. In: McDonald, J. & Veth, P. (eds). A Companion to Rock Art, pp. 237-260. Chicester: Wiley-Blackwell.

Goldhahn, J. 2007. Dödens hand – en essä om brons- och hällsmed. Gotarc Serie C, Arkeologiska Skrifter 57. Göteborg: Gothenburg University.

Goldhahn, J. 2009. Om krigens minnen och att minnas krig – Hvidegårdsgraven revisted #2. Kalmar Studies in Archaeology V. Kalmar: Linneuniversitet.

Goldhahn, J. 2012. On War and Memory and the Memory of War: The Hvidegaard Burial Revisited. In: Berge, R., Jasinsko, M.E. & Sognnes, K. (eds). N-TAG TEN. Proceedings from 10th Nordic-Tag Conference at Stiklestad, Norway 2009, pp. 237-250. BAR International Series 2399. Oxbow Books: Archaeopress LTD.

Goldhahn, J. 2013. Bredarör på Kivik – en arkeologisk odyssé. Kalmar Studies in Archaeology IX. Kalmar: Linneuniversitet

Goldhahn, J. 2015. Contested Worlds – A Chronotopic Essay about Mortuary Monuments and Cultural Change in Northern Europe in the Second Millennium BC. In: Stebergløkken, H., Berge, R., Lindgaard, E. & Vangen Stuedal, H. (eds). Ritual Landscapes and Borders within Rock art Research – Papers in Honour of Professor Kalle Sognnes, pp. 13-30. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Goldhahn, J. 2019. Birds in the Bronze Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Greenfield, H.J. 2010. The Secondary Products Revolution: The Past, the Present and the Future. World Archaeology. Vol. 42(1) pp. 29-54.

Hagberg, L. 2015. När döden gästar. Stockholm: Ersatz.

Hamilakis, Y. & Jones, A.M. 2017. Archaeology and Assemblage. Cambridge Archaeological Journal. Vol. 27(1) pp. 77-84.

Hansen, F. 1938. Skånska bronsåldershögar. Lund: Gleerupska Universitetsbokhandeln.

Haraway, D. J. 2008. When Species Meet. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Hartford Herald, 1 February 1901. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84037890/1901-02-06/ed-1/seq-2/. [Accessed 12 April 2019].

Hollmann, J. C. 2005. Swift-People: Theiranthropes and Bird Symbolism in Hunther-Gatherer Rock-Paintings, Western and Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series. Vol. 9 pp. 21-33.

Horn, C. & Kristiansen, K. (eds) 2018. Warfare in Bronze Age society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Horn, C. 2017. It’s a Man’s World. Sex and Gender in Scandinavian Bronze Age Rock Art. In: Bergerbrant, S. & Wessman, A. (eds). New Perspective on the Bronze Age: Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Bronze Age Symposium held in Gothenburg 9th to 13th June 2015, pp. 237-252. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Hunnestad, S. 1960. Ørnerovet. Oslo: Lunde Forlag.

Hörfors, O. 2006. Tåby skola. RAÄ 122 och ÖLM 1 Tåby 6:2, 7:1 och Tåby Ljunga Tåby socken Norrköpings kommun Östergötlands län. Kulturmiljöavdelningen Rapport 2006:70. Linköping: Östergötlands Länsmuseum.

Johansson, K. 2012. The Birds in the Iliad: Identities, Interactions and Functions. Gothenburg Studies in History 2. Gothenburg: Gothenburg University.

Johansson, K. 2014. Kungsörnen och natthägern. Om fåglar, gudomlig närvaro och agential realism i Iliaden. In: Alexandersson, H., Andreeff, A. & Bünz, A. (eds). Med hjärta och hjärna. En vänbok till professor Elisabeth Arwill-Nordbladh, pp. 469-481. Gotarc Serie A, Gothenburg Archaelogical Studies 5. Göteborg: Gothenburg University.

Jones, A.M. 2017. The Art of Assemblage: Styling Neolithic Art. Cambridge Archaeological Journal. Vol. 27(1) pp. 85-94.

Kaul, F. 1998. Ship on Bronzes. A Study in Bronze Age Religion and Iconography. PNM Studies in Archaeology and History 3:1/2. Copenhagen: National Museum.

Kristiansen, K. 1998. Europe Before History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kristiansen, K. & Larsson, T.B. 2005. The Rise of Bronze Age Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kveiborg, J. 2017. The Nordic Bronze Age Horse. Studies of Human-Horse Relationships in a long-term Perspective. Unpublished PhD in Archaeology at the School of Culture and Society. Aarhus: Aarhus University.

Ling, J., Earle, T. & Kristiansen, K. 2018. Maritime Mode of Production: Raiding and Trading in Seafaring Chiefdoms. Current Anthropology. Vol. 59(5) pp. 488-524.

Lucas, G. 2012. Understanding the Archaeological Record. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lundborg, L. 2007. Undersökningar av bronsåldershögar och bronsåldersgravar i södra Halland under åren 1971–2001, del 2. Halmstad: Kulturmiljö Halland.

Macfarlane, R. 2017. Afterword. In: Baker, J.A. (ed). The Peregrine. 50th anniversary edition, pp. 193–209. London: William Collins.

Magnus, O. 2010. Historia om de nordiska folken. Hedemora: Gidlund.

Nail, T. 2017. What is an Assemblage? SubStance. Vol. 46(1) pp. 21-37.

Nakamura, C. 2010. Magical Deposits at Çatalhöyük. A Matter of Time and Place? In: Hodder, I. (ed). Religion in the Emergence of Civilisation. Çatalhöyük as a Case Study, pp. 300-331. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

New York Times 12 September 1899. http://www.strangehistory.net/2010/11/05/baby-eating-eagles/. [Accessed 12 April 2019].

Nilsson, S. 1858. Skandinavisk fauna. Foglarna I-II. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups Förlag.

Overton, N.J. & Hamilakis, Y. 2013. A Manifesto for a Social Zooarchaeology: Swans and Other Beings in the Mesolithic. Archaeological Dialogues. Vol. 20(2) pp. 111-136.

Pilaar Birch, S. E. (eds). 2018. Multispecies Archaeology. London: Routledge.

Pouchet, F.-A. 1871. The Universe. London: Blackie and Son.

Roestad, B. & Helgesen, M.G. 2006. Ørnerovet på Leka. Oslo: Damm.

Rosling, H., Rosling, O. & Rönnlund, A.R. 2018. Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong about the World – and why Things are Better than you Think. London: Sceptre.

Runge, M. 2008. Ørnens besejrer – nye aspekter af bronzealdererens forestillingsverden. Fynske Minder. Vol. 2008 pp. 161-174.

Runge, M. 2010. Kildehuse II. Gravpladser fra yngre Bronzealder og Vikingetid i Odense Sydøst. Fynske Studier 23. Odense: Odense Bys Museer.

Serjeantson, D. 2009. Birds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sherratt, A. 1981. Plough andPpastoralism. Aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution. In: Hodder, I., Isaac, G. & Hammond, N. (eds). Pattern of the Past. Studies in Honour of David Clarke, pp. 261-306. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sjögren, K.-G. (ed) 2006. Ecology and Economy in Stone Age and Bronze Age Scania. Lund: Swedish National Heritage Board.

Star (Issue 505) 31 December 1869. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TS18691231.2.12. [Accessed 12 April 2019].

Svanberg, I. 2013. Fåglar i svensk folklig tradition. Stockholm: Dialogos.

Svanhild Hartvigsen, Wikipedia. https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svanhild_Hartvigsen. [Accessed 12 April 2019].

Sörman, A. 2018. Gjutningens arenor: Metallhantverkets rumsliga, sociala och politiska organisation i södra Skandinavien under bronsåldern. Stockholm Studies in Archaeology 75. Stockholm: Stockholm University.

Taylor, L. 2013. Humans, Animals and Society: An Introduction to Human-Animal Studies. New York: Lantern Books.

Thedéen, S. 2005. Till frågan om hövdingadömet under bronsåldern. In: Goldhahn, J. (ed). Mellan sten och järn. Rapport från det 9:e nordiska bronsålderssymposiet, Göteborg 2003-10-09/12, pp. 385-401. Gotarc Serie C. Arkeologiska Skrifter 59. Göteborg: Gothenburg University.

Thomas, J. 2004. Archaeology and Modernity. London: Routledge.

Thrane, H. 1986. Kønsroller og andre roller i broncealderen. Kontaktstencil. Vol. 28/29 pp. 48-53.

Thrane, H. 2004. Fyns yngre broncealdergrave. Odense: Odense Bys Museer, Fynske Studier 20.

Tillhagen, C.-H. 1978. Fåglarna i folktron. Stockholm: LT Förlag.

Tornberg, A. 2014. Diet, Health and Agriculture. The Late-Neolithic-Early Bronze Age Example of Abbekås, Southern Sweden. Lund Archaeological Review. Vol. 19 pp. 7-18.

Tornberg, A. 2018. Health, Cattle and Ploughs: Bioarchaeological Consequences of the Secondary Products Revolution in Southern Sweden, 2300–1100 BCE. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, Series altera in 8° 71. Lund: Lund University.

Ullén, I. 2003. Bronsåldersboplatsen vid Apalle i Uppland. Avdelningen för Arkeologiska Undersökningar, UV Uppsala Rapport 1997:64. Uppsala: Riksantikvarieämbetet.

Viveiros de Castro, E. 2012. Cosmological Perspectivism in Amazonia and elsewhere. Four Lectures given in the Department of Social Anthropology, University of Cambridge, February–March 1998, pp. 45-168. Journal of Ethnographic Theory, Masterclass Series 1. Chicago: HAU.

Weekly World News 19 December 2012. http://weeklyworldnews.com/headlines/37921/eaglie-flies-away-with-two-year-old/. [Accessed 212 April 2019].

Westergaard, B. (with parts by Bergström, J.) 1987. Gravhög med skeppssättning. Halland. Vol. 1987 pp. 58-74.

Winge, H. 1904. Om fugle fra Bronzealderen i Danmark. Videns. Meddel. fra den naturb. Foren. i Kbnhvn. Vol. 1904 pp. 313-318.

Downloads

Published

2020-12-20

How to Cite

Goldhahn, J. . (2020) “To Bring Back some Eagleness to Eagles: On Bird Worldings in the Bronze Age”, Current Swedish Archaeology, 28(1), pp. 47–73. doi: 10.37718/CSA.2020.03.

Issue

Section

Research Articles