Prehistoric Violence as Difficult Heritage: Sandby Borg – A Place of Avoidance and Belonging

Authors

  • Gustav Wollentz Graduate School Human Development in Landscapes, Kiel University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37718/CSA.2017.19

Keywords:

dissonant heritage, temporality, prehistoric violence, memory studies, folklore

Abstract

Despite an increased focus on heritage connected to violence within archaeological research projects, there has been no proper focus on the rediscovery of prehistoric massacres, from the perspective of diffi- cult heritage. Most likely, the temporal distance in- volved has led to the assumption that such research is superfluous. The ongoing excavations of an Iron Age massacre in the ring fort of Sandby Borg, on Öland, Sweden, challenges the validity of such an a priori assumption. This paper focuses on Sandby Borg through interviews conducted with the local population who grew up near the ring fort. The interviews reveal how new narratives and relations to the past have been created through the discovery. The results call for us to move away from a linear and chronological understanding of difficult heri- tage, in which time is approached as gradually ‘purifying’ difficult heritage, towards understand- ing ‘dissonance’ as inherent in each site of heritage, which can be used as a resource.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahlquist, A. 1827. Ölands historia och beskrifning 2. Kalmar.

Alexandersson, A., Aronsson, P., Gustafsson, B. E., Holtorf, C. & Westergren, E. (Eds) 2011. The Social Benefits of Heritage. Museum International No. 245–246, 63 (1–2).

Alfsdotter, C., Papmehl-Dufay, L., & Victor, H. Forthcoming. A Frozen Moment: Evi- dence of a Late 5th Century Massacre at Sandby Borg, SE Sweden. Antiquity. Ac- cepted.

Anheier, H. & Raj Isar, Y. (Eds) 2011. Heritage, Memory and Identity. London: Sage Publications.

Arendt, H. 1968. Men in Dark Times. New York: Harvest.

Aronsson, P. 2009. Historia som förebild: Den gode, den onde och den fule. In: Arons- son, P. (Ed.). Platser för en bättre värld: Auschwitz, Ruhr och röda stugor. Pp. 9–44. Lund: Nordic Academic Press.

Avrami, E., Mason, R. & de la Torre, M. 2000. Values and Heritage Conservation: Research Report. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.

Bakhtin, M. 1981. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Baltrusch, E., Hegewisch, M., Meyer, M., Puschner, U. & Wendt, C. (Eds) 2012. 2000 Jahre Varusschlacht. Geschichte – Archäologie – Legenden. Berlin: De Gruyter.

Barth, F. 1987. Cosmologies in the Making:A Generative Approach to Cultural Vari- ation in Inner New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Beskow, M. 1972. Glimtar ur Sandbys och Gårdbys forntid. En bok om Sandby-Gårdby. Sandby-Gårdby Hembygdsförening.

Blohmé, M., Fallgren, J.-H. & Bäckström, Y. 2011. Sandby borg på Öland: Fem depå- fynd av praktspännen från folkvandringstid. Länsstyrelsen i Kalmar län, Rapport 2011:10.

Bradley, R. 2002. The Past in Prehistoric Societies. London: Routledge.

Brubaker, R. 2004. Ethnicity without Groups. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Burström, M. 1993. Mångtydiga fornlämningar: En studie av innebörder som tillskrivits fasta fornlämningar i Österrekarne härad, Södermanland. Stockholm: Stockholm University.

Burström, M. 1996. Other Generations Interpretation and Use of the Past: The Case of the Picture Stones on Gotland. Current Swedish Archaeology 4. Pp. 4–21.

Burström, M., Winberg, B. & Zachrisson, T. 1996. Fornlämningar och folkminnen. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet.

Burström, M. 1999. Focusing on time: Disciplining archaeology in Sweden. In: Gazin- Schwartz, A. & Holtorf, C. (Eds). Archaeology and Folklore. Pp. 33–45. London: Routledge.

Carabelli, G. 2013. Living (Critically) in the Present: Youth Activism in Mostar (Bosnia Herzegovina). Journal on European Perspectives of the Western Balkans. Special Issue: Young Generation. Vol. 5 No. 1 (8). Pp. 48–63.

Connerton, P. 1989. How Societies Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Connerton, P. 2009. How Modernity Forgets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Connerton, P. 2011. The Spirit of Mourning: History, Memory and the Body. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Curry, A. 2016. Öland, Sweden. Spring, A.D. 480. A Hastily Built Refuge: A Grisly Massacre: A Turbulent Period in European History. Archaeology: A Publication of the Archaeological Institute of America. Issue: March/April 2016. Available at: <https://www.archaeology.org/issues/207-1603/features/4158-sweden-sandbyborg- massacre> [Accessed 4 September 2017].

Duijzings, G. 2007. Commemorating Srebrenica: Histories of Violence and the Politics of Memory in Eastern Bosnia. In: Bougarel, X., Helms, E. & Duijzings, G. The New Bosnian Mosaic. Identities, Memories and Moral Claims in a Post-War Society. Pp. 141–166. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Echo-Hawk, R. C. 2000. Ancient History in the New World: Integrating Oral Tradi- tions and the Archaeological Record in Deep Time. American Antiquity 65(2). Pp. 267–290.

Fabian, J. 2014. Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object. New York: Columbia University Press. [First edition published in 1983].

Fallgren, J.-H. 2009. The Ölandic Ring-Forts and the Iron Age and Medieval Agricul- tural Landscapes. In: Ringwälle und verwandte Strukturen des ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr. an Nord- und Ostsee. Schriften des Archäologischen Landesmuseums Ergän- zungsreihe. Band 5. Pp. 27–49.

Fallgren, J.-H. & Ljungkvist, J. 2016. The Ritual Use of Brooches in Early Medieval Forts on Öland, Sweden. European Journal of Archaeology. DOI: 10.1080/14619571.2016.1147318.

Gazin-Schwartz, A. & Holtorf, C. (Eds) 1999a. Archaeology and Folklore. London: Routledge.

Gazin-Schwartz, A. & Holtorf, C. 1999b. ‘As long as ever I’ve known it…’: On folklore and Archaeology. In: Gazin-Schwartz, A. & Holtorf, C. (Eds). Archaeology and Folklore. Pp. 2–23. London: Routledge.

Goldhahn, J. 2009. Om krigens minnen och att minnas krig: Hvidegårdsgraven re- visited #2. Kalmar Studies in Archaeology V.

Goldhahn, J. 2012. On War and Memory and the Memory of War: The Middle Bronze Age Burial from Hvidegården on Zealand in Denmark Revisited. In: Berge, R., Jasinski, M. E. & Sognnes, K. (Eds). Proceedings of the 10th Nordic TAG confer- ence at Stiklestad, Norway 2009. Pp. 237–250. BAR International Series 2399.

Goldhahn, J. 2015. Contested Worlds: A Chronotopic Essay about Mortuary Monu- ments and Cultural Change in Northern Europe in the Second Millennium BC. In: Stebergløkken, H. Berge, R., Lindgaard, E. & Vangen Stuedal, H. (Eds). Ritual Landscapes and Borders within Rock Art Research: Papers in Honour of Profes- sor Kalle Sognnes. Pp. 13–30. Oxford: Archaeopress.

González-Ruibal, A. 2008. Time to Destroy: An Archaeology of Supermodernity. Cur- rent Anthropology 49 (2). Pp. 247–279.

González-Ruibal, A. 2014. An Archaeology of Resistance. Materiality and Time in an African Borderland. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

González-Ruibal, A. & Moshenska, G. (Eds) 2015. Ethics and the Archaeology of Violence. New York: Springer.

González-Ruibal, A., & Hall, M. 2015. Heritage and Violence. In: Meskell, L. (Ed.) Global Heritage. A Reader. Pp. 150–170. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell.

González-Tennant, E. 2016. Hate Sits in Places: Folk Knowledge and the Power of Place in Rosewood, Florida. In: Starzmann, M. T. & Roby, J. R. (Ed.) Excavating Memory. Pp. 218–241. Florida: University Press of Florida.

Gräslund, B. 2008. Fimbulvintern, Ragnarök och klimatkrisen år 536–537 e.Kr. Saga och Sed 2007. Pp. 93–123.

Gräslund, B. & Price, N. 2012. Twilight of the Gods? The ‘Dust Veil Event’ of AD 536 in cCritical Perspective. Antiquity 86(332). Pp. 428–443.

Gunnarsson, F., Victor, H. & Alfsdotter, C. 2015. Sandby Borg. Undersökningar 2015. Sandby Borg Skrifter VII. Kalmar: Kalmar Läns Museum.

Gunnarsson, F., Victor, H., Nilsson, N., Hallberg, P. & Larsson, F. 2016. Det digi- tala Sandby Borg. Årsrapport 2015. Kalmar Läns Museum, Arkeologisk rapport 2016:03.

Guttormsen, T. S. 2013. Arkeologi i all offentlighet: Arkeologihistorie i Norge belyst ved fortidens veier som historie- og minnekunnskap. Gothenburg: Gothenburg University.

Halbwachs, M. 1980. The Collective Memory. Harper & Row. [First edition pub- lished in 1950].

Hållans Stenholm, A. 2012. Fornminnen: Det förflutnas roll i det förkristna och kristna Mälardalen. Diss. Lund: Lund University.

Harding, A. 2007. Velim. Violence and Death in Bronze Age Bohemia. The Results of Fieldwork 1992–95, with a Consideration of Peri-mortem Trauma and Deposition in the Bronze Age. (1st ed.) Prague, Archeologický ústav AV ČR.

Harrison, R. 2015. Beyond ‘Natural’ and ‘Cultural’ Heritage: Toward an Ontological Politics of Heritage in the Age of Anthropocene. Heritage & Society 8(1). Pp. 24– 42. DOI:10.1179/2159032X15Z.00000000036.

Herscher, A. 2010. Violence Taking Place: The Architecture of the Kosovo Conflict. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Högberg, A. 2016. To Renegotiate Heritage and Citizenship Beyond Essentialism. Ar- chaeological Dialogues 23(1). Pp. 39–48.

Holtorf, C. 1996. Towards a Chronology of Megaliths: Understanding Monumental Time and Cultural Memory. European Journal of Archaeology 4(1). Pp. 119–152.

Holtorf, C. 2000–2008. Monumental Past: The Life-histories of Megalithic Monu- ments in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Germany). Electronic monograph. Univer- sity of Toronto, Centre for Instructional Technology Development. http://hdl.han- dle.net/1807/245

Holtorf, C. 2007. Archaeology is a Brand: The Meaning of Archaeology in Contem- porary Popular Culture. Walnut Creek, Calif.: Left Coast Press.

Holtorf, C. 2015. Averting Loss Aversion in Cultural Heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies 21(4). Pp. 405–421.

Horn, C. & Kristiansen, K. (Eds) Forthcoming. Warfare in Bronze Age Society. Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jackson, M. 2013. The Politics of Storytelling: Variations on a Theme by Hannah Arendt. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. [First edition published in 2002].

Jansen, S. 2009. Hope and the State in the Anthropology of Home. Preliminary notes. Ethnologia Europaea. Journal of European Ethnology. Pp. 54–60.

Keeley, L. H. 1997. War before Civilization. New York: Oxford University Press. Kisić, V. 2016. Governing Heritage Dissonance: Promises and Realities of Selected Cultural Policies. European Cultural Foundation.

Layton, R. 1999. Folklore and World View. In: Gazin-Schwartz, A. & Holtorf, C. (Eds). Archaeology and Folklore. Pp. 24–32. London: Routledge.

Lowenthal, D. 1985. The Past is a Foreign Country. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press.

Lucas, G. 2001. Destruction and the Rhetoric of Excavation. Norwegian Archaeologi- cal Review 34(1). Pp. 35–46. DOI: 10.1080/00293650119347.

Macdonald, S. 2006. Undesirable Heritage: Fascist Material Culture and Historical Consciousness in Nuremberg. International Journal of Heritage Studies 12(1). Pp. 9–28. DOI: 10.1080/13527250500384464

Macdonald, S. 2009. Difficult Heritage: Negotiating the Nazi Past in Nuremberg and Beyond. Abingdon: Routledge.

McMillin, L. H. 2006. Buried Indians: Digging up the Past in a Midwestern Town. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Meskell, L. 2002. Negative Heritage and Past Mastering in Archaeology. Anthro- pological Quarterly 75(03). Pp. 557–574.

Mitchell, D. 2000. Cultural Geography: A Critical Introduction. Malden, Mass.: Black- well Publishers.

Moshenska, G. 2012. The Archaeology of the Second World War: Uncovering Great Britain’s Wartime Heritage. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Archaeology.

Munn, N. 1996. The Figure in the Australian Aboriginal Landscape. Critical Inquiry 22(3). Pp. 446–465.

Näsman, U. 1984. Glas och handel i senromersk tid och folkvandringstid. Uppsala University, Institute of North-European Archaeology.

Nilsson, M. 2009. Livet i Sandby prästgård. Sandby och Gårdby: två socknar på Öland. Skarpa Alby: Gård förlag.

Nunn, P. D. & Reid, N. J. 2015. Aboriginal Memories of Inundation of the Australian Coast Dating from More than 7000 Years Ago. Australian Geographer 47(1). Pp. 11–47.

Otto, T., Thrane, H. & Vandkilde, H. (Eds) 2006. Warfare and Society: Archaeological and Social Anthropological Perspectives. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.

Palmberger, M. 2016. How Generations Remember: Conflicting Histories and Shared Memories in Post-War Bosnia and Herzegovina. Global Diversities Series. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Papmehl-Dufay, L. & Alfsdotter, C. 2014. Sandby Borg V Seminariegrävning 2014. Sandby Borg Skrifter V. Kalmar: Kalmar Läns Museum.

Papmehl-Dufay, L. & Söderström, U. 2017. Creating Ambassadors Through Digital Media: Reflections from the Sandby Borg Project. Internet Archaeology 46. https:// doi.org/10.11141/ia.46.3

Price, T. D., Frei, R., Brinker, U., Lidke, G., Terberger, T., Frei, K. M. & Jantzen, D. 2017. Multi-isotope Proveniencing of Human Remains from a Bronze Age Battle- field in the Tollense Valley in Northeast Germany. Archaeological and Anthropo- logical Sciences. (First online) Pp. 1–17.

Ralph, S. (Ed.). 2013. The Archaeology of Violence: Interdisciplinary Approaches. Al- bany, NY: State University of New York Press.

von Reis, J. 2014. Massakern i Sandby Borg. Ölandsmagazinet 2014 Sommar. Saunders, N. J. (Ed.). 2012. Beyond the Dead Horizon: Studies in Modern Conflict

Archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Schulting, R. J. & Fibiger, L. (Eds) 2012. Sticks, Stones, and Broken Bones: Neolithic Violence in a European Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Seitsonen, O. & Koskinen-Koivisto, E. 2017. ‘Where the F… is Vuotso?’ Heritage of Second World War Forced Movement and Destruction in a Sámi Reindeer Herding Community in Finnish Lapland. International Journal of Heritage Studies. (First online) Pp: 1–21. DOI: 10.1080/13527258.2017.1378903.

Sjöborg, N. H. 1822. Samlingar för nordens fornälskare 1. Stockholm.

Smith, G. S., Messenger, P. M. & Soderland, H. A. (Eds) 2010. Heritage Values in Con- temporary Society. Walnut Creek, Calif.: Left Coast Press.

Smith, L. 2006. Uses of Heritage. New York, Routledge.

Smith, L. & Campbell, G. 2015. The Elephant in the Room: Heritage, Affect and Emo- tion. In: Logan, W., Nic Craith, M. & Kockel, U. (Eds). A Companion to Heritage Studies. Pp. 443–460. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Sørensen, M. L. S. & Viejo-Rose, D. (Eds) 2015a. War and Cultural Heritage: Bio- graphies of Place. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sørensen, M. L. S. & Viejo-Rose, D. 2015b. Introduction. The Impact of Conflict on Cultural Heritage. A Biographical Lens. In: Sørensen, M. L. S. & Viejo-Rose, D. (Eds). War and Cultural Heritage: Biographies of Place. Pp. 1–17. Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press.

Sørensen, T.-F. 2013. We Have Never Been Latourian: Archaeological Ethics and the Posthuman Condition. Norwegian Archaeological Review 46(1). Pp. 1–18. DOI: 10.1080/00293652.2013.779317.

Stenberger, M. 1933. Öland under äldre järnåldern. Stockholm: Akademiens förlag. Stenberger, M. 1966. Ölands forntida borgar. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.

Storm, A. 2014. Post-Industrial Landscape Scars. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. Trouillot, M.-R. 1995. Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press.

Vallulv, S. Forthcoming. Sandby borg: En historisk genomgång. Sandby borg Skrifter VI. Kalmar: Kalmar County Museum.

Vansina, J. 1985. Oral Tradition as History. London: Currey.

Varberg, J. 2014. Fortidens slagmarker: Krig og konflikt fra stenalder til vikingetid. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.

Viberg, A., Victor, H., Fischer, S., Lidén, K. & Andrén, A. 2014. The Ringfort by the Sea: Archaeological Geophysical Prospection and Excavations at Sandby Borg (Öland). Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 44 (3). Pp. 413–428.

Victor, H. & Dutra Leivas. I. 2011. Sandby Borg: Undersökningar 2011. Sandby Borg Skrifter I. Kalmar: Kalmar County Museum.

Victor, H. 2012. Sandby Borg: Undersökningar 2012. Sandby Borg Skrifter II. Kalmar: Kalmar County Museum.

Victor, H., Emilsson, A. & Frisk. M. 2013. Sandby Borg: Undersökningar 2013. Sandby Borg Skrifter III. Kalmar: Kalmar County Museum.

Victor, H. 2014. Sandby Borg: Undersökningar 2014. Sandby Borg Skrifter IV. Kalmar: Kalmar County Museum.

Victor, H. 2015. Sandby Borg: Ett fruset ögonblick under folkvandringstid. In: Arnell, K.-H. & Papmehl-Dufay, L. (Eds). Grävda minnen: Från Skedemosse till Sandby borg. Pp. 96–115. Kalmar: Länsstyrelsen Kalmar län.

Wallén-Widung, M. 2016. Hemligheten: ‘Det var en terrorattack’. Expressen, 30 June 2016.

Wertsch, J. & Billingsley, D. M. 2011. The Role of Narratives in Commemoration: Remembering as Mediated Action. In: Anheier, H. & Ray Isar, Y. (Eds). Heritage, Memory and Identity. Pp. 25–38. London: Sage Publications.

Wollentz, G. 2014a. The Cultural Heritage as a Resource in Conflict Resolution: An Overview of the Field. Kalmar County Museum. http://www.bridgingages.com/ library/the-cultural-heritage-as-a-resource-in-conflict-resolution [4 September 2017].

Wollentz, G. 2014b. Att såra ett landskap. Populär Arkeologi 3/2014. P. 19. Wollentz, G. 2017. Making a Home in Mostar: Heritage and the Temporalities of

Belonging. International Journal of Heritage Studies 23(10). Pp. 928–945. DOI:

1080/13527258.2017.1347891.

Wollentz, G. Forthcoming. Conflicted memorials and the need to look forward: The in- terplay between remembering and forgetting in Mostar and on the Kosovo Field. In: Sørensen, M. L. S., Viejo-Rose, D. & Filippucci, P. (Eds). From History to Heritage: Memorials and Memorialisation Palgrave (in review by the publisher).

Zachrisson, T. 1996. Folkliga föreställningar. In: Burström, M., Winberg, B. & Zachris- son, T. (Eds). Fornlämningar och folkminnen Pp. 87–103. Stockholm, Riksantik- varieämbetet.

Žižek, S. 2007. Violence: Six Sideways Reflections. London: Profile.

Unpublished material

Hilfeling, C. G. G. 1796. Sandby, Sandby borg. Handwritten document from Hilfe- ling’s journal. Stockholm, ATA.

Larsson, J. 1960. Minnesanteckningar. Kalmar, Kalmar County Museum Archive. Rhezelius, J. H. 1634. Sandby Borgs eftrytningh. Handwritten document. Stockholm, ATA.

West, H. 1959. Hemkomsten. Unpublished manuscript.

Internet resources

www.sandbyborg.se. Official homepage for the Sandby Borg project. [online] Available at: < http://www.sandbyborg.se> [Accessed 6 September 2017].

Downloads

Published

2017-12-28

How to Cite

Wollentz, G. (2017) “Prehistoric Violence as Difficult Heritage: Sandby Borg – A Place of Avoidance and Belonging”, Current Swedish Archaeology, 25(1), pp. 199–226. doi: 10.37718/CSA.2017.19.

Issue

Section

Research Articles