Participatory Archaeology for Heritage Preparedness
Addressing the Wicked Problem of Anti- Democratic Discourse
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37718/CSA.2025.04Keywords:
participatory archaeology, Indigenous archaeology, Saami archaeology, democratization, wicked problems, small wins, clumsy solutions, heritage preparednessAbstract
In an era of rising authoritarian and anti-democratic movements globally, participatory archaeology needs to move beyond self-congratulatory ideas about its inherent goodness and take seriously archaeologists’ potential role as social and political mediators in a complex democratic discourse. The challenge lies in resisting both external and internal pressure on democratic discourse, while maintaining an inclusive, democratic and multivocal debate about heritage, identity and belonging. Drawing on experiences from Indigenous and particularly Saami archaeology, participatory archaeology in Scandinavia can become more self-reflexive and purposeful. Our subject’s strength is that it provides specified and tangible topics and arenas for democratic discourse, building social cohesion by discussing and tolerating diverse perspectives. The aim should not be consensus about heritage and the past but dissensus and communities of disagreement. Such an approach contributes to a cognitive heritage preparedness that transgresses the preservation of predefined physical heritage values, constituting a ‘small win’ to the ‘wicked problem’ of sustaining open, accountable and transparent discussions in the face of totalitarian narratives and aggressive “alternative facts”.
Downloads
References
Aas, E., Fjeld, I.E. & Honningsøy, K.H. 2015. Norge, gi oss barna våre tilbake! NRK, https://www.nrk.no/urix/_-norge_-gi-oss-barna-vare-tilbake_-1.12385786 [Accessed 1 June 2025].
Aikman, I. 2025. Donald Trump Says He Believes the US Will ‘Get Greenland’. BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crkezj07rzro [Accessed 11 February 2025].
Alford, J. & Head, B.W. 2017. Wicked and Less Wicked Problems: A Typology and a Contingency Framework. Policy & Society. Vol. 36(3), pp. 397–413, doi:10.1080/14494035.2017.1361634.
Andersen, G. & Tellmann, S.M. 2018. Ekspertene i kunnskapssamfunnet. Norsk sosiologisk tidsskrift. Vol. 2(5), pp. 357–362, doi:10.18261/issn.2535-2512-2018-05-01.
Arnstein, S.R. 1969. A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners. Vol. 35(4), pp. 216–224, doi:10.1080/01944366908977225.
Atalay, S. 2006. Indigenous Archaeology as Decolonizing Practice. American Indian Quarterly. Vol. 30(3–4), pp. 280–310, doi:10.1353/aiq.2006.0015.
Atalay, S. 2012. Community-Based Archaeology: Research With, By, and For Indigenous and Local Communities. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Atalay, S. 2016. Transforming Archaeology: Activist Practices and Prospects. London: Routledge.
Axelsen, I. 2021. What’s the Deal With Old Things? An Exploratory Study of Attitudes and Practices Towards Certain Old Things Among Archaeologists and Metal Detectorists in Norway. PhD thesis in Archaeology. Oslo: University of Oslo.
Barlindhaug, S. 2013. Cultural Sites, Traditional Knowledge and Participatory Mapping: Long-Term Land Use in a Sámi Community in Coastal Norway. PhD in Archaeology. Tromsø: University of Tromsø.
Batory, A. & Svensson, S. 2020. Regulating Collaboration: The Legal Framework of Collaborative Governance in Ten European Countries. International Journal of Public Administration. Vol. 43(9), pp. 780–789, doi:10.1080/01900692.2019.1658771.
Bayliss-Smith, T. & Mulk, I.-M. 1999. The Representation of Sámi Cultural Identity in the Cultural Landscapes of Northern Sweden: The Use and Misuse of Archaeological Knowledge. In: Layton, P. & Ucko, P.J. (eds), The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape, pp. 358–396. London: Routledge.
Bäckman, L. 1982. Female – Divine and Human: A Study of the Position of the Woman in Religion and Society in Northern Eurasia. In: Hultkrantz, Å. & Vorren, Ø. (eds), The Hunters: Their Culture and Way of Life, pp. 139–142. Tromsø: Universitetsforlaget.
Beck, W. & Somerville, M. 2005. Conversations Between Disciplines: Historical Archaeology and Oral History at Yarrawarra. World Archaeology. Vol. 37(3), pp. 468–483, doi:10.1080/00438240500204403.
Bergman, I. 2018. Kulturarv, landskap och identitetsprocesser i norra Fennoskandien 500–1500 e.Kr. Slutrapport från ett forskningsprogram. Stockholm: Riksbankens Jubileumsfond/Makadam Förlag.
Berkaak, O.A. 1992. Ressursbruk, bevaringsideologier og antikvarisk praksis i fartøyvernet. Kolsås: Norsk Forening for Fartøyvern.
Bettum, A. 2021. Communities of Disagreement in the Museums. Nordisk Museologi. Vol. 32(2–3), pp. 53–63, doi:10.5617/nm.9607.
Bettum, A. & Özcan, G. 2018. Dialog som metode: Inkluderingsstrategier ved Interkulturelt museum 2006–2016. In: Bettum, A., Maliniemi, K.J. & Walle, T.M. (eds), Et inkluderende museum: Kulturelt mangfold i praksis, pp. 181–224. Trondheim: Museumsforlaget.
Bonet, L. & Négrier, E. 2018. The Participative Turn in Cultural Policy: Paradigms, Models, Contexts. Poetics. Vol. 66, pp. 64–73, doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2018.02.006.
Brännström, M. 2020. The Enhanced Role of Archaeological and Historical Research in Court Proceedings About Saami Land Rights. In: Spangen, M., Salmi, A.-K., Äikäs, T. & Fjellström, M. (eds), Currents of Saami Pasts: Recent Advances in Saami Archaeology, pp. 177–188. Helsinki: The Archaeological Society of Finland.
Brantenberg, T. 1985. The Alta–Kautokeino Conflict: Saami Reindeer Herding and Etnopolitics. In: Brødsted, J. & Eide, A. (eds), Native Power: The Quest for Autonomy and Nationhood of Indigenous Peoples, pp. 23–48. Bergen: Universitetsforlaget.
Brekke, K. 2025. Har avdekket alvorlige GPS-forstyrrelser i Øst-Finnmark. NRK, https://www.nrk.no/tromsogfinnmark/har-avdekket-alvorlige-gps-forstyrrelser-i-ostfinnmark-1.17211692 [Accessed 22 May 2025].
Brekmoe, L. 2004. Fortellinger om fortiden: En analyse av kulturminneoppfatninger i marginale kystsamfunn i Nordland. MA thesis in Archaeology. Tromsø: University of Tromsø.
Burnell, K. 2022. Archaeology, Heritage, and Wellbeing: Authentic, Powerful, and Therapeutic Engagement with the Past. Oxford: Routledge.
Burström, M. 2014. More Than a Sensitive Ear: What to Expect of a Professional Expert. In: Schofield, J. (ed.), Who Needs Experts? Counter-Mapping Cultural Heritage, pp. 101–112. Farnham: Ashgate.
Byrne, S. 2012. Community Archaeology as Knowledge Management: Reflections from Uneapa Island, Papua New Guinea. Public Archaeology. Vol. 11(1), pp. 26–52, doi:10.1179/175355312X13311392295513.
Churchman, C.W. 1967. Guest Editorial: Wicked Problems. Management Science. Vol. 14(4), pp. B141–B142.
Clarke, J. & Newman, J. 2017. ‘People in This Country Have Had Enough of Experts’: Brexit and the Paradoxes of Populism. Critical Policy Studies. Vol. 11(1), pp. 101–116, doi:10.1080/19460171.2017.1282376.
Colomer, L. 2023. Exploring Participatory Heritage Governance After the EU Faro Convention. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development. Vol. 13(4), pp. 856–871, doi:10.1108/JCHMSD-03-2021-0041.
Colwell-Chanthaphonh, C. & Ferguson, T.J. 2008. Collaboration in Archaeological Practice: Engaging Descendant Communities. Lanham, Maryland: AltaMira Press.
Conklin, J. 2006. Dialogue Mapping: Building Shared Understanding of Wicked Problems. Chichester: Wiley.
Dobat, A.S., Dobat, A.S. & Schmidt, S. 2022. Archaeology as ‘Self-Therapy’: Case Studies of Metal Detecting Communities in Britain and Denmark. In: Burnell, K. (ed.), Archaeology, Heritage, and Wellbeing: Authentic, Powerful, and Therapeutic Engagement with the Past, pp. 145–161. London: Routledge.
Dobat, A.S., Wood, S.O., Jensen, B.S., Schmidt, S. & Dobat, A.S. 2020. ‘I Now Look Forward to the Future, by Finding Things From Our Past …’ Exploring the Potential of Metal Detector Archaeology as a Source of Well-Being and Happiness for British Armed Forces Veterans With Mental Health Impairments: 50-Year-Old Male War Veteran and Survey Participant, Suffering From PTSD and Depression, on the Effect of Metal Detecting. International Journal of Heritage Studies. Vol. 26(4), pp. 370–386, doi:10.1080/13527258.2019.1639069.
Domanska, E. 2018. Is This Stone Alive? Prefiguring the Future Role of Archaeology. Norwegian Archaeological Review. Vol. 51(1–2), pp. 22–35, doi:10.1080/00293652.2018.1553060.
Drabløs, Ø.T. & Foss, A.B. 2025. Atle Berges milliongave til FOR kom fra selskap med interesser i Russland. Aftenposten, https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/pP2byo/atle-bergesmilliongave-til-for-kommer-fra-selskap-som-eier-storbedrift-i-russland [Accessed 1 June 2025].
Ds 2023:34. 2023. Kraftsamling: Inriktningen av totalförsvaret och utformningen av det civila försvaret. Stockholm: Regeringskansliet. https://www.regeringen.se/rattsligadokument/departementsserien-och-promemorior/2023/12/ds-202334-kraftsamling/ [Accessed 11 February 2025].
Eikjok, J. 2000. Indigenous Women in the North: The Struggle for Rights and Feminism. IWGIA Newsletter. Vol. 2000(3), pp. 38–41.
Ellenberger, K. & Richardson, L.-J. 2019. Reflecting on Evaluation in Public Archaeology. AP: Online Journal in Public Archaeology. Vol. 8(1), pp. 65–94, doi:10.23914/ap.v8i1.141.
Enstad, J.D. & Finseraas, H. 2024. Moralske intuisjoner og politiske orienteringer blant norske velgere. Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning. Vol. 65(1), pp. 1–23, doi:10.18261/tfs.65.1.1.
Falch, T. 1998. Sami Cultural Heritage and Cultural Mobilisation. In: Saugestad, S. (ed.), Indigenous Peoples in Modern Nation-States: Proceedings from an International Workshop, University of Tromsø, October 13–16, 1997, pp. 33–37. Tromsø: University of Tromsø.
Falch, T., Selle, P. & Strømsnes, K. 2016. The Sámi: 25 Years of Indigenous Authority in Norway. Ethnopolitics. Vol. 15(1), pp. 125–143, doi:10.1080/17449057.2015.1101846.
Fredheim, L.H. 2019. Sustaining Public Agency in Caring for Heritage: Critical Perspectives on Participation Through Co-Design. PhD thesis in Archaeology. York: University of York, doi:10.1080/00293652.2020.1738540.
Fredheim, L.H. 2020. Decoupling ‘Open’ and ‘Ethical’ Archaeologies: Rethinking Deficits and Expertise for Ethical Public Participation in Archaeology and Heritage. Norwegian Archaeological Review. Vol. 53(1), pp. 1–18.
Furunes, E.W. 2018. Frykter at Russlands GPS-jamming kan føre til ulykker. NRK, https://www.nrk.no/tromsogfinnmark/frykter-at-russlands-gps-jamming-kan-foretil-ulykker-1.14292013 [Accessed 22 May 2025].
Gabrielsen, T. 2015. Innledning om de falske tesene. Finnmark Forlag, https://finnmarkforlag.no/tese_2015_22juli.html [Accessed 23 May 2025].
Gilge, C. 2016. Citizen Participation as Microfascism: Marginalizing Labour in Web 2.0. In: Lancione, M. (ed.), Rethinking Life at the Margins, pp. 212–226. London: Routledge.
González-Ruibal, A. 2009. Vernacular Cosmopolitanism: An Archaeological Critique of Universalistic Reason. In: Meskell, L. (ed.), Cosmopolitan Archaeologies, pp. 113–139. Durham: Duke University Press.
González-Ruibal, A. 2010. Colonialism and European Archaeology. In: Lydon, J. & Rizvi, U.Z. (eds), Handbook of Postcolonial Archaeology, pp. 37–47. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press.
González-Ruibal, A. 2019. Ethical Issues in Indigenous Archaeology: Problems With Difference and Collaboration. Canadian Journal of Bioethics. Vol. 2(3), pp. 34–43, doi:10.7202/1066461ar.
González-Ruibal, A., González, P.A. & Criado-Boado, F. 2018. Against Reactionary Populism: Towards a New Public Archaeology. Antiquity. Vol. 92(362), pp. 507–515, doi:10.15184/aqy.2017.227.
Graham, J. & Yudkin, D.A. 2022. Variations in Moral Concerns Across Political Ideology: Moral Foundations, Hidden Tribes, and Righteous Division. In: Vargas, M. & Doris, J.M. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Moral Psychology, pp. 759–778. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Greville-Harris, M., Hempel, R., Karl, A., Dieppe, P. & Lynch, T.R. 2016. The Power of Invalidating Communication: Receiving Invalidating Feedback Predicts Threat-Related Emotional, Physiological, and Social Responses. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. Vol. 35(6), pp. 471–493, doi:10.1521/jscp.2016.35.6.471.
Guilfoyle, D.R. & Hogg, E.A. 2015. Towards an Evaluation-Based Framework of Collaborative Archaeology. Advances in Archaeological Practice. Vol. 3(2), pp. 107–123, doi:10.7183/2326-3768.3.2.107.
Haidt, J. & Joseph, C. 2004. Intuitive Ethics: How Innately Prepared Intuitions Generate Culturally Variable Virtues. Daedalus. Vol. 133(4), pp. 55–66, doi:10.1162/0011526042365555.
Hall, S. 1987. Blue Election, Election Blues. Marxism Today. Available at: http://www.unz.org/Pub/MarxismToday-1987jul-00030 [Accessed 6 February 2016].
Hallström, G. 1922. Gravplatser och offerplatser i ryska lappmarken. RIG – Kulturhistorisk Tidskrift. Vol. 5(3–4), pp. 162–192.
Hallström, G. 1932. Lapska offerplatser. In: Svenska fornminnesföreningen (ed.), Arkeologiska Studier Tillägnade H. K. H. Kronprins Gustaf Adolf, pp. 111–131. Stockholm: Norstedt.
Handegård, O. 2023. Feil om samenes opprinnelse. Nordnorsk debatt, https://www.nordnorskdebatt.no/5-124-236100 [Accessed 8 June 2025].
Hansen, L.I. & Olsen, B. 2014. Hunters in Transition: An Outline of Early Sámi History. Leiden: Brill.
Harris, O.J.T. & Cipolla, C.N. 2017. Archaeological Theory in the New Millennium: Introducing Current Perspectives. London: Routledge.
Harrison, R. 2013. Heritage: Critical Approaches. London: Routledge.
Harrison, R. 2020. Heritage Practices as Future-Making Practices. In: Holtorf, C. & Högberg, A. (eds), Cultural Heritage and the Future, pp. 29–45. London: Routledge.
Hellesvik, J. 2022a. En skamplett i norsk forskningshistorie. Nordnorsk debatt, https://www.nordnorskdebatt.no/5-124-163669 [Accessed 23 May 2025].
Hellesvik, J. 2022b. Samenes urhjem er i Karelen, ikke på Nordkalotten. Nordnorsk debatt, https://www.nordnorskdebatt.no/5-124-164233 [Accessed 8 June 2025].
Hillerdal, C., Karlström, A. & Ojala, C.-G. 2017. Archaeologies of Us and Them: Debating History, Heritage and Indigeneity. London: Routledge.
Hodder, I. 2010. Cultural Heritage Rights: From Ownership and Descent to Justice and Well-Being. Anthropological Quarterly. Vol. 83(4), pp. 861–882, doi:10.1353/anq.2010.0025.
Holtorf, C. & Högberg, A. 2021. Cultural Heritage and the Future. London: Routledge.
ILO C169. 1989. C169 – Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312314 [Accessed 27 April 2015].
Iversen, L.L. 2014. Uenighetsfellesskap: Blikk på demokratisk samhandling. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Jakobsen, H.Ø. 2025. Trump vil ha Grønland. Hva om Putin vil ha Svalbard? Morgenbladet, https://www.morgenbladet.no/samfunn/trump-vil-ha-gronland-hva-om-putinvil-ha-svalbard/9603857 [Accessed 30 May 2025].
Jentoft, M. 2014. Russisk kritikk mot norsk barnevern. NRK, https://www.nrk.no/urix/russisk-kritikk-mot-norsk-barnevern-1.12045438 [Accessed 1 June 2025].
Jærnes, N.K., Flyen, C. & Brevik, I. 2023. Veileder i sikring, beredskap og krisehåndtering for kulturminner. https://riksantikvaren.no/veileder/sikring-beredskap-og-krisehandtering-for-kulturminner/ [Accessed February 11, 2025].
Jærnes, N.K. & Taylor, J. 2022. Beredskap for kulturarven: Fremtidig nøkkelrolle for frivilligheten. Fortidsvern. Vol. 2022(3), pp. 35–39.
Jærnes, N.K., Flyen, C. & Taylor, J. 2023. Cycles of Change: Enhancing Collaboration and Communication in Norwegian Municipalities to Strengthen Heritage Preparedness for Extreme Events. Journal of the Institute of Conservation. Vol. 46(3), pp. 205–223, doi:10.1080/19455224.2023.2257263.
Johansen, A. 1989. Ting, tid, identitet. Syn og segn. Vol. 95(3), pp. 226–240.
Kelty, C.M. 2017. Too Much Democracy in All the Wrong Places: Toward a Grammar of Participation. Current Anthropology. Vol. 58(S15), pp. S77–S90, doi:10.1086/688705.
Kiddey, R. 2020. I’ll Tell You What I Want, What I Really, Really Want! Open Archaeology That Is Collaborative, Participatory, Public, and Feminist. Norwegian Archaeological Review. Vol. 53(1), pp. 23–40, doi:10.1080/00293652.2020.1749877.
Knutson, C. 2024. Indigenous Archaeology in Sweden: Aligning Contract Archaeology With National and International Policies on Indigenous Heritage. PhD thesis in Archaeology. Växjö: Linnaeus University.
Krogh, M.H. 1999. Tradisjoner, landskap og folk: Om kulturminner og -vern i Berlevåg. MA thesis in Archaeology. Tromsø: University of Tromsø.
Kuokkanen, R.J. 2007. Myths and Realities of Sami Women: A Post-Colonial Feminist Analysis for the Decolonialization and Transformation of Sami Society. In: Green, J. (ed.), Making Space for Indigenous Feminism, pp. 72–92. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.
Kuusela, J.-M., Salmi, A.-K. & Äikäs, T. 2020. Hunters, Fishers, Traders: An Archaeological and Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Development of the Late Iron Age and Medieval Northern Fennoscandian Trade Network. Estonian Journal of Archaeology. Vol. 24, pp. 141–160, doi:10.3176/arch.2020.2.02.
Latona, D. 2025. Orban, Le Pen Hail Trump at Far-Right ‘Patriots’ Summit in Madrid. Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/orban-le-pen-hail-trump-far-rightpatriots-summit-madrid-2025-02-08/ [Accessed 22 May 2025].
Leijon, W.M.P. 2018. Grensen mellom Russland og Norge i middelalderen. Nordnorsk debatt, https://www.nordnorskdebatt.no/5-124-53202 [Accessed May 23, 2025].
Ljungdahl, E. & Norberg, E. 2012. Ett steg till på vägen: Resultat och reflexioner kring ett dokumentationsprojekt på sydsamiskt område under åren 2008–2011. Östersund: Gaaltije.
Livingstone, A.G., Bedford, S.L. […] Makanju, D. & Chayinska, M. 2024. You Get Us, So You Like Us: Feeling Understood by an Outgroup Predicts More Positive Intergroup Relations via Perceived Positive Regard. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 126(2), pp. 262–281, doi:10.1037/pspi0000434.
Lynch, B.T. & Alberti, S.J. 2010. Legacies of Prejudice: Racism, Co-Production and Radical Trust in the Museum. Museum Management and Curatorship. Vol. 25(1), pp. 13–35, doi:10.1080/09647770903529061.
Malinova, O. 2019. Constructing the ‘Usable Past’: The Evolution of the Official Historical Narrative in Post-Soviet Russia. In: Bernsand, N. & Törnquist-Plewa, B. (eds), Cultural and Political Imaginaries in Putin’s Russia, pp. 85–104. Leiden: Brill.
Marshall, Y. 2002. What Is Community Archaeology? World Archaeology. Vol. 34(2), pp. 211–219, doi:10.1080/0043824022000007062.
Merriman, N. 2004. Public Archaeology. London: Routledge.
Milek, K. 2018. Transdisciplinary Archaeology and the Future of Archaeological Practice: Citizen Science, Portable Science, Ethical Science. Norwegian Archaeological Review. Vol. 51(1–2), pp. 36–47, doi:10.1080/00293652.2018.1552312.
Minde, H. 2003a. Assimilation of the Sami: Implementation and Consequences. Acta Borealia. Vol. 20(2), pp. 121–146, doi:10.1080/08003830310002877.
Minde, H. 2003b. The Challenge of Indigenism: The Struggle for Sami Land Rights and Self-Government in Norway 1960–1990. In: Jentoft, S., Minde, H. & Nilsen, R. (eds), Indigenous Peoples: Resource Management and Global Rights, pp. 75–106. Delft: Eburon.
Moshenska, G. 2017. Key Concepts in Public Archaeology. London: UCL Press.
Muirhead, R. & Rosenblum, N.L. 2024. Ungoverning: The Attack on the Administrative State and the Politics of Chaos. Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Mulk, I.-M. 1994. Sacrificial Places and their Meaning in Saami Society. In: Carmichael, D.L., Hubert, J., Reeves, B. & Schanche, A. (eds), Sacred Sites, Sacred Places, pp. 121–131. London: Routledge.
Mulk, I.-M. 2024. My Story as an Indigenous Archaeologist and the Story of Sami Prehistory in Archaeology. In: Nicholas, G. & Watkins, J. (eds), Working as Indigenous Archaeologists, pp. 305–318. London: Routledge.
Myklebost, K.A. 2024. Russian Active Measures in Eastern Finnmark, Norway. The Barents Observer, https://www.thebarentsobserver.com/opinions/russian-active-measuresin-eastern-finnmark-norway/151169 [Accessed May 22, 2025].
Myrvoll, E.R. 2010a. Når arkeologi møter lokal kunnskap: Etiske implikasjoner. Nordisk Museologi. Vol. 2010(1), pp.78–95.
Myrvoll, E.R. 2010b. Kulturminner i Askeladden og kategorienes vold. Viking. Vol. 73, pp. 81–102, doi:10.5617/nm.3181.
Nicholas, G. 2024. Considering the Past, Present and Futures of Indigenous Archaeology. Archaeological Review from Cambridge. Vol. 39(2), pp. 138–156.
Nicholas, G.P. 2010a. Being and Becoming Indigenous Archaeologists. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press.
Nicholas, G.P. 2010b. Seeking the End of Indigenous Archaeology. In: Phillips, C. & Allen, H. (eds), Bridging the Divide: Indigenous Communities and Archaeology Into the 21st Century, pp. 233–252. London/New York: Routledge.
Nicholas, G.P. & Watkins, J. 2014. Indigenous Archaeologies in Archaeological Theory. In: Smith, C. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, pp. 3777–3786. New York: Springer New York.
Nichols, T. 2024. The Death of Expertise: The Campaign against Established Knowledge and Why it Matters. Second edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Niezen, R. 2017. Collective Rights and the Construction of Heritage. In: Hillerdal, C., Karlström, A. & Ojala, C.-G. (eds), Archaeologies of Us and Them: Debating History, Heritage, and Indigeneity, pp. 19–32. London: Routledge.
Niklasson, E. & Hølleland, H. 2018. The Scandinavian Far-Right and the New Politicisation of Heritage. Journal of Social Archaeology. Vol. 18(2), pp. 121–148, doi:10.1177/1469605318757340.
Nilsen, G. 2003. Brytninger mellom lokal og akademisk kulturminnekunnskap: En analyse av fortidsforestillinger i Nord-Troms og Lofoten. PhD thesis in Archaeology. Tromsø: Universitetet i Tromsø.
Nordin, J.M. 2023. Spaces of Resilience and Resistance: Sámi Habitation in Southern and Central Sweden During the Late Medieval and the Early Modern Period. International Journal of Historical Archaeology. Vol. 27(2), pp. 480–505, doi:10.1007/s10761-022-00659-2.
Norman, M.G. 2016. Massedemonstrasjoner mot norsk barnevern i 19 land. VG, https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/ejxPl/massedemonstrasjoner-mot-norsk-barnevern-i-19-land [Accessed June 1, 2025].
NOU 2024–2025: 9. 2025. Meld. St. 9 (2024–2025) – Totalberedskapsmeldingen. Oslo: The Norwegian Government. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/meld.-st.-9-20242025/id3082364/ [Accessed May 2, 2025].
Ojala, C.-G. 2009. Sámi Prehistories: The Politics of Archaeology and Identity in Northernmost Europe. PhD thesis in Archaeology. Uppsala: Uppsala University.
Ojala, C.-G. 2019. Discussion: Colonialism Past and Present Archaeological Engagements and Entanglements. In: Salmi, A.-K. & Äikäs, T. (eds), The Sound of Silence, pp. 182–201. New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Ojala, C.-G. 2022. Indigenous Archaeology. In: Lindroth, M., Sinevaara-Niskanen, H. & Tennberg, M. (eds), Critical Studies of the Arctic: Unravelling the North, pp. 120–144. Cham: Springer International.
Olsen, B. 1991. Metropolises and Satellites in Archaeology: On Power and Asymmetry in Global Archaeological Discourse. In: Preucel, R.W. (ed.), Processual and Postprocessual Archaeologies: Multiple Ways of Knowing the Past, pp. 211–224. Carbondale: South Illinois University.
Olsen, B. 2001. ‘– at ikke Fremmede skulle raade over en Jordbund, som gjemmer vore Fædres Been og hvortil vore helligste og ærværdigste Minder ere knyttede’: Problemer knyttet til bruken av fortid og kulturminner i diskurser om opphav, rettigheter og identitet. In: Thuen, T. (ed.), Fortidsforståelser, pp. 71–92. Kristiansand: Høgskoleforlaget.
Pattinson, J., Laparidou, D. […] Lewis, C., & Siriwardena, N. 2023. Volunteering on Heritage at Risk Sites and Wellbeing: A Qualitative Interview Study. Health Expectations: An International Journal of Public Participation in Health Care and Health Policy. Vol. 26(6), pp. 2485–2499, doi:10.1111/hex.13852.
Pavlíková, M. & Mareš, M. 2020. ‘Barnevernet Steals Children’: An Analysis of Russian Information Warfare Narratives in the Czech Disinformation Media. TRAMES. Vol. 24(4), pp. 589–605, doi:10.3176/tr.2020.4.07.
Persen, K., Furuly, J.G. & Vold, H.B. 2022. I denne havnen ti mil fra Norge ligger Russlands atomknyttneve. Faktisk, https://www.faktisk.no/artikkel/i-denne-havnen-ti-milfra-norge-ligger-russlands-atomknyttneve/101439 [Accessed May 30, 2025].
Pramli, M.C. 1999. Kulturminner i Harstad: Mellom forskning, forvaltning og befolkning. MA thesis in Archaeology. Tromsø: University of Tromsø.
Rasmussen, S. 2016. Samisk integrering i norsk og svensk kirke i tidlig nytid: En komparasjon mellom Finnmark og Torne lappmark. PhD thesis in History. Tromsø: UiT – The Arctic University of Norway.
Rico, T. 2017. Stakeholder in Practice: ‘Us’, ‘Them’ and the Problem of Expertise. In: Hillerdal, C., Karlström, A. & Ojala, C.-G. (eds), Archaeologies of Us and Them: Debating History, Heritage, and Indigeneity, pp. 38–52. London: Routledge.
Rosetti, I. 2022. Participatory Heritage Practices In, For, As Sustainable Urban Development. PhD thesis in Heritage Studies. Antwerp: Universiteit Antwerpen.
Rydving, H. 1995. The End of Drum-Time: Religious Change Among the Lule Saami, 1670s–1740s. Uppsala: Uppsala University.
Sardar, Z. 2015. Postnormal Times Revisited. Futures. Vol. 67, pp. 26–39, doi:10.1016/j.futures.2015.02.003.
Saunders, G. 2016. Who Are All These Trump Supporters? Longreads. http://longreads.com/2016/07/06/who-are-all-these-trump-supporters/ [Accessed May 26, 2025].
Schanche, A. 1993. Kulturminner, identitet og etnisitet. Dugnad. Vol. 19(4), pp. 55–64.
Schanche, A. 1994. Introduction to Sacrificial Places and their Meaning in Saami Society. In: Carmichael, D.L., Hubert, J., Reeves, B. & Schanche, A. (eds), Sacred Sites, Sacred Places, pp. 121–123. London: Routledge.
Schanche, A. 2000. Graver i ur og berg: Samisk gravskikk og religion fra forhistorisk til nyere tid. Karasjok: Davvi girji.
Schanche, A. 2004. Horizontal and Vertical Perceptions of Saami Landscapes. In: Jones, M. & Schanche, A. (eds), Landscape, Law and Customary Rights, pp. 1–10. Guovdageaidnu: Sámi Instituhtta.
Schanche, A. & Olsen, B. 1985. Var de alle nordmenn? En etnopolitisk kritikk av norsk arkeologi. In: Næss, J-R. (ed.), Arkeologi og etnisitet, pp. 87–99. Arkeologisk museum: Stavanger.
Schofield, J. 2024. Wicked Problems for Archaeologists: Heritage as Transformative Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shapiro, M.H. 1988. Introduction: Judicial Selection and the Design of Clumsy Institutions. USC Syposium on Judicial Election, Selection, and Accountability. Southern California Law Review. Vol. 61(6), pp. 1555–1570.
Silliman, S.W. 2008. Collaborating at the Trowel’s Edge: Teaching and Learning in Indigenous Archaeology. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Silliman, S.W. 2010. The Value and Diversity of Indigenous Archaeology: A Response to McGhee. American Antiquity. Vol. 75(2), pp. 217–220, doi:10.7183/0002-7316.75.2.217.
Sirkka, K.-W. 2018. Sammenheng mellom etnisk slagside i politikkutviklingen og historie og arkeologimiljøet ved UiT? Nordnorsk debatt, https://www.nordnorskdebatt.no/5-124-45858 [Accessed May 23, 2025].
Skandfer, M. 2001. Etikk i forvaltning – forvaltning av etikk: Samisk kulturminnevern mellom ‘døde’ strukturer og levende tradisjon. Viking. Vol. 64, pp. 113–131.
Skandfer, M. 2009. Ethics in the Landscape: Prehistoric Archaeology and Local Sámi Knowledge in Interior Finnmark, Northern Norway. Arctic Anthropology. Vol. 46(1–2), pp. 89–102, doi:10.1353/arc.0.0029.
Smith, C., Copley, V. […] Josephine, & Jackson, G. 2022. Using Archaeology to Strengthen Indigenous Social, Emotional, and Economic Wellbeing. In: Everill, P. & Burnell, K. (ed.), Archaeology, Heritage, and Wellbeing: Authentic, Powerful, and Therapeutic Engagement with the Past, pp. 119–144. London: Routledge.
Smith, C. & Wobst, H.M. 2005. Indigenous Archaeologies: Decolonising Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.
Smith, G.H. & Smith, L.T. 2019. Doing Indigenous Work: Decolonizing and Transforming the Academy. In: McKinley, E. A. & Smith, L. T. (eds), Handbook of Indigenous Education, pp. 1075–1101. Singapore: Springer Singapore.
Smith, L. 2006. Uses of Heritage. New York: Routledge.
Smith, L. 2025. Community Consultation to Co-Creation: A History of Talking Past Each Other? In: Edmundson, A. & Haviland, M. (eds), Collaboration and Co-Creation in Museums, Heritage, and the Arts, pp. 19–30. Abingdon: Routledge.
Smith, L. & Waterton, E. 2009. Heritage, Communities and Archaeology. London: Duckworth.
Smith, L.T. 1999. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. London: Zed Books.
Solli, B. 1996. Narratives of Veøy: An Investigation Into the Poetics and Scientifics of Archaeology. Oslo: Universitetets Oldsaksamling.
Solli, B., Burström, M. […] Smith, L., & Witmore, C. 2011. Some Reflections on Heritage and Archaeology in the Anthropocene. Norwegian Archaeological Review. Vol. 44(1), pp. 40–88, doi:10.1080/00293652.2011.572677.
Spangen, M. 2013. ‘It Could Be One Thing Or Another’: On the Construction of an Archaeological Category. Fennoscandia Archaeologica. Vol. 30, pp. 67–80.
Spangen, M. 2016. Circling Concepts: A Critical Archaeological Analysis of the Notion of Stone Circles as Sami Offering Sites. PhD thesis in Archaeology. Stockholm: Stockholm University.
Spangen, M. 2017. Anomaly or Myth? Sami Circular Offering Sites in Medieval Northern Norway. In: Bis-Worch, C. & Theune, C. (eds), Religion, Cults and Rituals in the Medieval Rural Environment, pp. 39–51. Leiden: Sidestone Press.
Spangen, M. 2022. Fantasi om kjemper i nord. Nordnorsk debatt, https://www.nordnorskdebatt.no/5-124-200329 [Accessed July 29, 2025].
Spangen, M. 2025. Dissolving Dichotomies: On the Necessity of Integrating Saami, Nordic, and Feminist Gender Archaeology. In: Pedersen, U., Moen, M. & Skogstrand, L. (eds), Gendering the Nordic Past, pp. 203–216. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers.
Spangen, M. in press. Meetings in Varanger: On Transcultural Exchange in Medieval and Early Modern Northern Fennoscandia. In: Ljungqvist, F.C., Lund, O., Myrdal, J. & Retsö, D. (eds), Medieval Scandinavia: Contributions to Social and Economic History. Stockholm: Nordic Academic Press.
Spangen, M. & Solheim, S. 2023. Nei, det er ikke genene som gjør oss skandinaver turglade. Aftenposten, https://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikk/i/3EAvjP/utdaterte-spekulasjoner-om-dna-og-kultur-blir-presentert-som-fakta-det-er-et-problem [Accessed June 8, 2025].
Spivak, G. 1988. Can the Subaltern Speak? In: Nelson, C. & Grossberg, L. (eds), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, pp. 271–313. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Støyva, A.B., Ekroll, H.C., Bjørgul, V.O. & Foss, A.B. 2025. Det omstridte partiet kommer med mange påstander om Ukraina. Hva vet vi egentlig? Aftenposten, https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/politikk/i/gwlBL0/det-omstridte-partiet-kommer-med-mangepaastander-om-ukraina-hva-vet-vi-egentlig [Accessed June 1, 2025].
Stutz, L.N. 2018. A Future for Archaeology: In Defense of an Intellectually Engaged, Collaborative and Confident Archaeology. Norwegian Archaeological Review. Vol. 51(1–2), pp. 48–56.
Svanberg, F. & Wahlgren, K.H. 2007. Publik arkeologi. Lund: Nordic Academic Press.
Svendsen, M. 2024. Sluttet å registrere GPS-forstyrrelser i Finnmark: Uønsket normalsituasjon. https://www.forsvaretsforum.no/andoya-finnmark-jamming/sluttet-a-registrere-gps-forstyrrelser-i-finnmark-uonsket-normalsituasjon/395824 [Accessed May 22, 2025].
Sønsteby, C. 2012. Barnevernet er som Gestapo. TV2, https://www.tv2.no/nyheter/utenriks/barnevernet-er-som-gestapo/13328154/ [Accessed June 1, 2025].
Taylor, J. 2023. Choice Architecture, Nudging, and the Historic Environment: The Subtle Influences of Heritage Through the Lens of Behavioural Science. International Journal of Heritage Studies. Vol. 29(3), pp. 199–219, doi:10.1080/13527258.2023.2179100.
Termeer, C.J. & Dewulf, A. 2019. A Small Wins Framework to Overcome the Evaluation Paradox of Governing Wicked Problems. Policy & Society. Vol. 38(2), pp. 298–314, doi:10.1080/14494035.2018.1497933.
Thomas, S. 2017. Community Archaeology. In: Moshenska, G. (ed.), Key Concepts in Public Archaeology, pp. 14–30. London: UCL Press.
Thomas, S. & Lea, J. 2014. Public Participation in Archaeology. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
Thomas, S.E. 2019. Doing Public Participatory Archaeology with ‘Difficult’ Conflict Heritage: Participatory Research in Archaeology. Post Classical Archaeologies. Vol. 9, pp. 147–167.
Tringham, R. 2018. A Plea for a Richer, Fuller and More Complex Future Archaeology. Norwegian Archaeological Review. Vol. 51(1–2), pp. 57–63, doi:10.1080/00293652.2018.1547920.
Trosten, I.E. 2025. PST advarer om utenlandsk påvirkning før sametingsvalget. NRK, https://www.nrk.no/sapmi/pst-advarer-om-utenlandsk-pavirkning-for-sametingsvalget-1.17424041 [Accessed May 22, 2025].
Ucko, P.J. 2001. ‘Heritage’ and ‘Indigenous Peoples’ in the 21st Century. Public Archaeology. Vol. 1(4), pp. 227–238, doi:10.1179/pua.2001.1.4.227.
Valdermo, O.H. & Bakke, J.P. 2024. Ekte og uekte urfolk: Sannheter vi savner fra Sannhetskommisjonen. Nordnorsk debatt, https://www.nordnorskdebatt.no/5-124-296231 [Accessed May 23, 2025].
Valvik, M.E., Hagesæther, P.V. & Strømdahl, M. 2025. Politisk reklame på 17. mai får folk til å reagere. Aftenposten, https://www.aftenposten.no/oslo/i/MnG77M/politiskreklame-paa-17-mai-provoserer [Accessed June 1, 2025].
Van Dyke, R.M. 2020. Indigenous Archaeology in a Settler-Colonist State: A View from the North American Southwest. Norwegian Archaeological Review. Vol. 53(1), pp. 41–58, doi:10.1080/00293652.2020.1778779.
Verweij, M., Douglas, M. […] Rayner, S. & Thompson, M.2006. Clumsy Solutions For a Complex World: The Case of Climate Change. Public Administration. Vol. 84(4), pp. 817–843, doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2005.09566.x-i1.
Verweij, M. & Thompson, M. 2006. Clumsy Solutions for a Complex World: Governance, Politics and Plural Perceptions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Viita-aho, M. 2025. Engaging with Wicked Heritage Problems: The Societal Agency of Museums in Flux in Contemporary Finland. PhD thesis in History and Cultural Heritage. Helsinki: University of Helsinki.
Vonnák, D. & Jones, S. 2025. Mobilising Care for Cultural Heritage in Russia’s War Against Ukraine. Stirling: University of Stirling.
Wang, S.M. 2023. Decolonising Medieval Fennoscandia: An Interdisciplinary Study of Norse-Saami Relations in the Medieval Period. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Watkins, J. 2000. Indigenous Archaeology: American Indian Values and Scientific Practice. Lanham, Maryland: Alta Mira Press.
Ween, G.B. & Riseth, J.Å. 2011. Doing is Learning: Analysis of an Unsuccessful Attempt to Adapt TEK/IK Methodology to Norwegian Sámi Circumstances. Acta Borealia. Vol. 28(2), pp. 228–242, doi:10.1080/08003831.2011.626944.
Weick, K.E. 1984. Small Wins: Redefining the Scale of Social Problems. American Psychologist. Vol. 39(1), pp. 40–49, doi:10.1037//0003-066X.39.1.40.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Marte Spangen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors contributing to Current Swedish Archaeology retain copyright of their work, with first publication rights granted to the Swedish Archaeological Society. Read the journal's full Copyright- and Licensing Policy.
