#VACHINA: How Politicians Help to Spread Disinformation About COVID-19 Vaccines

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33621/jdsr.v4i1.112

Keywords:

discourse, anti-vaccine, disinformation, social media, covid-19

Abstract

This paper focuses on how Brazilian politicians helped to spread disinformation about Covid-19 vaccines, discussing legitimation strategies and actors that played a significant role on Twitter and Facebook. Based on data gathered through CrowdTangle and Twitter API, we selected the 250 most shared/retweeted posts for each dataset (n=500) and examined if they contained disinformation, who posted it, and what strategy was used to legitimize this discourse. Our findings indicate that politicians and hyperpartisan accounts have a key influence in validating the Brazilian president’s populist discourse through rationalization (pseudo-science) and denunciation (against the vaccine). The political frame also plays an important role in disinformation messages.

References

Alcantara, J., and Ferreira, R. (2020). ‘A infodemia da “gripezinha”: uma análise sobre desinformação e coronavírus no Brasil’, Chasqui. Revista Latinoamericana de Comunicación, 1(145), pp. 137-162, https://doi.org/10.16921/chasqui.v1i145.4315

Allcott, H., and Gentzkow, M. (2017). ‘Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31 (2), pp. 211-36, http://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211

Araujo, R. F., and Oliveira, T. M. (2020). ‘Desinformação e mensagens sobre a hidroxicloroquina no Twitter: da pressão política à disputa científica’, Atoz: Novas Práticas em Informação e Conhecimento, 9(2), pp. 196-205, http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/atoz.v9i2.75929

Basch, C. H., Meleo-Erwin, Z., Fera, J., Jaime, C., and Basch, C. E. (2021). ‘A global pandemic in the time of viral memes: COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and disinformation on TikTok’, Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 17(8), pp. 2373-2377, https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1894896

Brennen, J., Simon, F., Howard, P., and Nielsen, R. (2020). ‘Types, Sources, and Claims of COVID-19 Misinformation’. Reuters Institute Report, https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/types-sources-and-claims-covid-19-misinformation

Boulianne, S., Koc-Michalska, K., and Bimber, B. (2020). ‘Right-wing populism, social media and echo chambers in Western democracies’, New Media and Society, 22(4), pp. 683–699. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893983

Calvillo, D. P., Ross, B. J., Garcia, R. J. B., Smelter, T. J., and Rutchick, A. M. (2020). ‘Political Ideology Predicts Perceptions of the Threat of COVID-19 (and Susceptibility to Fake News About It)’, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(8), pp. 1119–1128, https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620940539

Bivar, G. C. C., Aguiar, M. E. S. C., Santos, R. V. C., and Cardoso, P. R. G. (2021). ‘Covid-19, the anti-vaccine movement and immunization challenges in Brazil: A review’, Scientia Medica, 31(1), e39425, https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2021.1.39425

Casarões, G., and Magalhães, D. (2021). ‘The hydroxychloroquine alliance: how far-right leaders and alt-science preachers came together to promote a miracle drug’, Rev. Adm. Pública, 55(1), pp.197-214, http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220200556

Cesarino, L. (2020). ‘How Social Media Affords Populist Politics: Remarks on Liminality Based on the Brazilian Case’ Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada, 59(1), pp. 404-427, http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01031813686191620200410

Chagas, V., Freire, F., Rios, D., and Magalhães, D. (2019). ‘Political memes and the politics of memes: A methodological proposal for content analysis of online political memes’ First Monday, 24(2), https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v24i2.7264

Clarke, E., Klas, A., and Dyos, E. (2021). ‘The role of ideological attitudes in responses to COVID-19 threat and government restrictions in Australia’, Personality and individual differences, 175, 110734, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110734

Crilley, R., and Chatterje-Doody, P. N. (2020). ‘From Russia with Lols: Humour, RT, and the Legitimation of Russian Foreign Policy’ Global Society, 35(2), pp. 269-288, https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2020.1839387

CrowdTangle Team (2021). CrowdTangle, Facebook, Menlo Park, California, United States. URL: https://apps.crowdtangle.com/search/

Derakhshan, H., and Wardle, C. (2017). ‘Information Disorder: Definitions’, Proceedings of Understanding and Addressing the Disinformation Ecosystem. Annemberg: University of Pennsylvania, pp. 5-12.

Evangelista, R. and F. Bruno (2019). ‘WhatsApp and political instability in Brazil: targeted messages and political radicalisation’, Internet Policy Review 8(4), https://doi.org/10.14763/2019.4.1434

Fairclough, N. (2001). Discurso e mudança social. Brasília: Editora UnB.

Freelon, D. (2010). ReCal: Intercoder reliability calculation as a web service. International Journal of Internet Science, 5(1), 20-33.

Galhardi, C. P., Freire, N. P., Minayo, M. C. S., and Fagundes, M. C. M. (2020). ‘Fact or Fake? An analysis of disinformation regarding the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil’, Ciência and Saúde Coletiva, 25(2), pp. 4201-4210, https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320202510.2.28922020

Glozer, S., Caruana, R., and Hibbert, S. A. (2019). ‘The Never-Ending Story: Discursive Legitimation in Social Media Dialogue’, Organization Studies, 40(5), pp. 625–650, https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840617751006

Gramacho, W. G., and Turgeon, M. (2021). ‘When politics collides with public health: COVID-19 vaccine country of origin and vaccination acceptance in Brazil’, Vaccine, 39(19), pp. 2608-2612, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.080

Hallal, P.C., and Victora, C.G. (2021). ‘Overcoming Brazil’s monumental COVID-19 failure: an urgent call to action’, Nat Med, 27(933), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01353-2

Igwebuike, E. E. and Chimuanya, L. (2021). ‘Legitimating Falsehood in Social Media: A Discourse Analysis of Political Fake News’, Discourse and Communication, 15(1), pp. 42-58, https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481320961659

Krippendorff, K. (2012). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. Sage Publications.

Kallil, I. (2019). Who are Jair Bolsonaro's voters and what they believe. Report. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.35662.41289

Lindgren, S. (2016). ‘Introducing Connected Concept Analysis: A network approach to big text datasets’, Text and Talk, 36(3), pp. 341-362, https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2016-0016

Mede, N. G., and Schäfer, M. S. (2020). ‘Science-related populism: Conceptualizing populist demands toward science’ Public Understanding of Science, 29(5), pp. 473–491, https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662520924259

Menczer, F., and Hills, T. (2020). ‘The Attention Economy’, Scientific American, 323(6), pp. 54–61, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/information-overload-helps-fake-news-spread-and-social-media-knows-it/

Mendonça, R. F., and Caetano, R. D. (2021). ‘Populism as Parody: The Visual Self-Presentation of Jair Bolsonaro on Instagram’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 26(1), pp. 210–235, https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220970118

Metaxas, P. T.; Mustafaraj, E., Wong, K., Zeng, L., O’Keefe, M., and Finn, S. (2018). ‘Do retweets indicate interest, trust, agreement?’, preprint arXiv, https://arxiv.org/abs/1411.3555

Mudde, C., and Kaltwasser, C. R. (2017). Populism: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Oliveira, T. (2020). ‘Desinformação científica em tempos de crise epistêmica: circulação de teorias da conspiração nas plataformas de mídias sociais’, Fronteiras-estudos midiáticos, 22(1), pp. 21-35, https://doi.org/10.4013/fem.2020.221.03

Recuero, R., Soares, F., and Vinhas, O. (2021). ‘Discursive strategies for disinformation on WhatsApp and Twitter during the 2018 Brazilian presidential election’, First Monday, 26(1), https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v26i1.10551

Recuero, R., Soares, F., Zago, G. (2021). ‘Polarization, Hyperpartisanship, and Echo Chambers: How the disinformation about COVID-19 circulates on Twitter’, Contracampo, 40(1), https://doi.org/10.22409/contracampo.v40i1.45611.

Reyes, A. (2011). ‘Strategies of legitimization in political discourse: From words to actions’, Discourse and Society, 22(6), pp. 781–807, http://doi.org/10.1177/0957926511419927

Ricard, J., and Medeiros, J. (2020). ‘Using misinformation as a political weapon: COVID-19 and Bolsonaro in Brazil’, Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review, https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-013

Rogers, R. and Niederer, S. (2020). ‘The politics of social media manipulation’. Amsterdam University Press B. Available at: https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/42884/9789048551675.pdf?sequence=1andisAllowed=y

Rooduijn, M. (2019). ‘State of the field: How to study populism and adjacent topics? A plea for both more and less focus’, European Journal of Political Research, 58, pp. 362-372, https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12314

Santos, M.D., and Fossá, M.I. (2020). ‘A Disputa pelo poder político em meio à pandemia de Covid-19, análise do confronto entre Joao Doria e Jair Bolsonaro’, Panorama, 10(1), http://doi.org/10.18224/PAN.V10I1.8297

Shahi G. K., Dirkson A., and Majchrzak, T. A. (2021). ‘An exploratory study of COVID-19 misinformation on Twitter’, Online Soc Netw Media. 22, 100104, http://doi.rg/10.1016/j.osnem.2020.100104

Silva, Y. (2020). Bolsonaro and Social Media: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Brazilian President’s Populist Communication on Twitter. Master Thesis. Master’s Programme in Social Sciences, Digital Media and Society specialization. Upsala Universitet. Available at: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1448385/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Soares, F. B., Recuero, R., Volcan, T., Fagundes, G., and Sodré, G. (2021). ‘Research note: Bolsonaro’s firehose: How Covid-19 disinformation on WhatsApp was used to fight a government political crisis in Brazil’, Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review, https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-54

Stecula, D. A., and Pickup, M. (2021). ‘How populism and conservative media fuel conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 and what it means for COVID-19 behaviors’. Research and Politics, https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168021993979

Van Leeuwen, T. (2007). ‘Legitimation in discourse and communication’, Discourse and Communication, 1(1), pp. 91–112, https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481307071986

Van Dijk, T. A. (2006). ‘Discourse and manipulation’, Discourse and Society, 17(2), 359-383.

Van Dijk, T. A. (2009). ‘Critical Discourse Studies: A Sociocognitive Approach’, In: Wodak, R., and Meyer, M. Methods for Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Sage, pp. 62-85.

Vaara, E., and Tienar, J. (2008). ‘A Discursive Perspective on Legitimation Strategies in Multinational Corporations’, Academy of Management Review, 33(4), pp. 985–993, https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2008.34422019

Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., and Aral, S. (2018). ‘The spread of true and false news online’, Science, 359(6380), pp. 1146–1151, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559

Watmough, S. P (2021). ‘Jair Bolsonaro: Far-Right Firebrand and Cheerleader for Dictatorship’, Populism Studies. Retrieved from https://www.populismstudies.org/jair-bolsonaro-far-right-firebrand-and-cheerleader-for-dictatorship

Wasserman, S., and Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wondreys, J., and Mudde, C. (2020). ‘Victims of the Pandemic? European Far-Right Parties and COVID-19’, Nationalities Papers, pp. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2020.93

Wodak, R. (2015). The politics of fear: What right-wing populist discourse mean. Sage. (257p.) http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446270073

Wodak, R. and Krzyzanowski, M. (2017). ‘Right-wing populism in Europe and USA: Contesting politics and discourse beyond ‘Orbanism’ and ‘Trumpism’’, Journal of Language and Politics, 16(4), http://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.17042.krz

Downloads

Published

2021-10-07

Issue

Section

Research Articles