Animals in the sanctuary
Mammal and fish bones from Areas D and C at the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-12-04Keywords:
zooarchaeology of cult, mammal bones, fish bones, dining deposit, snakes, dog bones, KalaureiaAbstract
During the excavations at the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia an extensive archaeo-environmental programme was implemented, resulting in the collection and analysis of a wide range of animal remains. This paper presents the mammal and fish remains in detail and offers interpretations which take into account the archaeology of the site, other types of finds, as well as the discourse on animals in cult. The material is examined in terms of chronological phases and of particular features within them in an attempt, common in all types of analysis within the Kalaureia Excavation Program, to link the material remains to human actions, placing emphasis on the materiality of cult. The degree of analysis and interpretation detail varies among different occupational phases of the sanctuary, because of the greatly uneven preservation and quantity of animal remains. In certain cases of disturbed deposits and poor preservation, such as the bones from the Archaic and Classical strata, the analysis is left open-ended and the interpretation is pending, in view of subsequent studies that will include contemporary material from other locations within the sanctuary. In other instances, however, where closed or well-defined deposits are available, detailed analysis of the zooarchaeological data was possible and meaningful.
Downloads
References
Alagich, R. 2012. An insight into life at Geometric Zagora provided by the animal bones, Honours thesis, University of Sydney.
Albarella, U. 1995. ‘Depressions on sheep horn-cores’, JAS, 22:5, 699–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-4403(95)80155-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-4403(95)80155-3
Alfaro, C. & D. Mylona, 2014. ‘Fishing for purple shellfish (Muricidae) in ancient Greece. Acquisition technology and first steps in purple dye production’, in Production and trade of textiles and dyes in the Roman Empire and neighbouring regions (Purpurae Vestes, 4), eds. C. Alfaro, M. Tellenbach & J. Ortiz, Valencia, 149–166.
Baitinger, H. & T. Völling 2007. Werkzeug und Gerät aus Olympia, Berlin.
Baker, J.R. & R.R. Brothwell 1980. Animal diseases in archaeology, London.
Barnetson, L. forthcoming. ‘Report on the animal bones from Zagora’ [tentative title], in Zagora 3, ed. S. Paspalas.
Becker, C. 1997. ‘Tierknochenfunde aus der Höhle Pilarou—Reste von Tieropfern oder profane Schlacht—und Speiseabfälle’, in Das Dorische Thera 5. Stadtgeschichte und Kultstätten am nördlichen Stadtrand, ed. W. Höpfner, Berlin, 151–183.
Behrensmeyer, A.K. 1978. ‘Taphonomic and ecologic information from bone weathering’, Paleobiology 4:2, 150–162. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0094837300005820 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0094837300005820
Bélis, M. 1999. ‘Purple in cooking, medicine and magic’, in From myth to reason? Studies in the development of Greek thought, ed. R. Buxton, Oxford, 295–316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198152347.003.0017
Bergquist, B. 1998. ‘Feasting of worshippers or temple and sacrifice? The case of the Herakleion on Thasos’, in Ancient Greek cult practice from the archaeological evidence. Proceedings of the Fourth International Seminar on Ancient Greek Cult, organized by the Swedish Institute at Athens, 22–24 October 1993 (ActaAth-8˚, 15), ed. R. Hägg, Stockholm, 57–72.
Betz, H.D. 1986. The Greek magical papyri in translation including the demotic spells, Chicago.
Bevan, E. 1986. Representations of animals in sanctuaries of Artemis and other Olympian deities (BAR-IS, 315), Oxford.
Binford, L.R. 1981. Bones. Ancient men and modern myths, New York & London.
Boessneck, J. 1969. ‘Osteological differences between sheep (Ovis aries Linné) and goat (Capra hircus Linné)’, in Science in archaeology, ed. D. Brothwell & E.S. Higgs, London, 331–358.
Bookidis, N., J. Hansen, L. Snyder & P. Goldberg 1999. ‘Dining in the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Corinth’, Hesperia 68:1, 1–54. https://doi.org/10.2307/148389 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/148389
Brothwell, D. & P. Brothwell 1998. Food in antiquity. A survey of the diet of early peoples, Baltimore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56021/9780801857409
Brun, H. & M. Leguilloux 2013. ‘Rituels sacrificiels et offrandes animales dans le Sarapieion C de Delos’, in Bones, behaviour and belief. The osteological evidence as a source for Greek ritual practice (ActaAth-4˚, 55), eds. G. Ekroth & J. Wallensten, Stockholm, 167–179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30549/actaath-4-55-13
Buikstra, J. & M. Swegle 1989. ‘Bone modification due to burning. Experimental evidence’, in Bone modification, eds. R. Bonnichsen & M. Sorg, Orono, 247–258.
Bull, G. & S. Payne 1982. ‘Tooth eruption and epiphysial fusion in pigs and wild boar’, in Ageing and sexing animal bones from archaeological sites (BAR-IS, 109), eds. B. Wilson, C. Grigson & S. Payne, 55–71.
Burkert, W. 1983. Homo necans. The anthropology of ancient Greek sacrificial ritual and myth, Berkeley.
Burkert, W. 1985. Greek religion. Archaic and Classical, Oxford.
Cardini, L. 1970. ‘Materiale osteologico’, in Pyrgi. Scavi del santuario etrusco (1959–1967) (NSc 24, suppl. 2), ed. G. Colonna, Rome, 616–625.
Chenal-Velarde, D. & J. Studer 2003. ‘Archaeozoology in a ritual context. The case of a sacrificial altar in Geometric Eretria’, in Zooarchaeology in Greece. Recent advances (BSA Studies, 9), eds. E. Kotzabopoulou, Y. Hamilakis, P. Halstead, C. Gamble & P. Elefanti, London, 215–220.
Clinton, K. 1988. ‘Sacrifice at the Eleusinian Mysteries’, in Early Greek Cult Practice, Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 26–29 June, 1986 (ActaAth-4˚, 38), ed. R. Hägg, N. Marinatos & G. Nordquist, Stockholm, 69–80.
Clinton, K. 2005. ‘Pigs in Greek rituals’, in Greek sacrificial ritual, Olympian and Chthonian. Proceedings of the Sixth International Seminar on Ancient Greek Cult, organized by the Department of Classical Archaeology and Ancient History, Göteborg University, 25–27 April 1997 (ActaAth-8˚, 18), eds. R. Hägg & B. Alroth, Stockholm, 167–179.
Correia, P. 1997. ‘Fire modification of bone. A review of the literature’, in Forensic taphonomy. The postmortem fate of human remains, eds. W. Haglund & M. Sorg, Boca Rotan, 275–293. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781439821923.ch18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781439821923.ch18
Dalby, A. 1996. Siren feast. A history of food and gastronomy in Greece, London & New York. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203754443 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203754443
Dalby, A. & S. Grainger 1996. The Classical cookbook, London.
Davis, S. 1987. The archaeology of animals, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203060131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203060131
Day, P.L. 1984. ‘Dog burials in the Greek world’, AJA 88:1, 21–32. https://doi.org/10.2307/504595 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/504595
Deonna, W. 1938. Le mobilier delién (Delos, 18), Paris.
Detienne, M. 1989a. ‘Culinary practices and the spirit of sacrifice’, in The cuisine of sacrifice among the Greeks, eds. M. Detienne & J.-P. Vernant, Chicago & London, 1–20.
Detienne, M. 1989b. ‘The violence of wellborn ladies. Women in the Thesmophoria’, in The cuisine of sacrifice among the Greeks, eds. M. Detienne & J-P. Vernant, Chicago & London, 129–147.
Dibble, F. 2017. Politika Zoa. Animals and social change in ancient Greece (ca. 1600–300 B.C.), Ph.D. thesis, University of Cincinnati.
Durand, J.-L. 1989. ‘Greek animals. Toward a topology of edible bodies’, in The cuisine of sacrifice among the Greeks, eds. M. Detienne & J-P. Vernant, Chicago & London, 87–118.
Dysart, M. 2013. ‘Ovis/Capra, its what’s for dinner? Preliminary analysis of faunal material from a Minoan settlement’, Chronika 3, 47–54.
Ekroth, G. 2002. The sacrificial rituals of Greek hero-cults in the Archaic to the Early Hellenistic periods (Kernos Suppl., 12), Liège. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pulg.490 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pulg.490
Ekroth, G. 2007. ‘Meat in Ancient Greece. Sacrificial, sacred or secular?’, Food and History 5, 249–272. https://doi.org/10.1484/j.food.1.100193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/J.FOOD.1.100193
Ekroth, G. 2008. ‘Meat, man and god. On the division of the animal victim at Greek sacrifices’, in Μικρός ιερομνήμων μελέτες εις μνήμην Michael H. Jameson, eds. A. Matthaiou & I. Polinskaya, Athens, 259–290.
Ekroth, G. 2017. ‘Don’t throw any bones in the sanctuary! On the handlings of sacred waste at ancient Greek cult places’, in Ritual matters. Material remains and ancient religion 13, ed. C. Moser, Chicago, 33–55.
Farnell, R.R. 1970 (1921). Greek hero cults and ideas of immortality, Oxford.
Forstenpointner, G. 2003. ‘Promethean legacy. Investigations into the ritual procedure of “Olympian” sacrifice’, in Zooarchaeology in Greece. Recent advances (BSA Studies, 9), eds. E. Kotzabopoulou, Y. Hamilakis, P. Halstead, C. Gamble & P. Elefanti, London, 203–214.
Garnsey, P. 1999. Food and society in Classical Antiquity, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612534 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612534
Gebhard, E.R. 1998. ‘Small dedications in the Archaic Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia’, in Ancient Greek cult practice from the archaeological evidence. Proceedings of the Fourth International Seminar on Ancient Greek Cult, organized by the Swedish Institute at Athens 22–24 October 1993 (ActaAth-8˚, 15), ed. R. Hägg, Stockholm, 91–115.
Gebhard, R.E. & D. Reese 2005. ‘Sacrifices for Poseidon and Melikertes-Palaimon at Isthmia’, in Greek sacrificial ritual, Olympian and Chthonian. Proceedings of the Sixth International Seminar on Ancient Greek Cult, organized by the Department of Classical Archaeology and Ancient History, Göteborg University, 25–27 April 1997 (ActaAth-8˚, 18), eds. R. Hägg & B. Alroth, Stockholm, 125–154.
Georgoudi, S. 2005. ‘Sacrifice et mise à mort. Aperçus sur le statut du cheval dans les pratiques rituelles grecques’, in Les équidés dans le monde méditerranéen antique. Actes du colloque organisé par l’Ecole française d’Athènes, le Centre Camille Jullian et l’UMR 5140 du CNRS, Athènes, 26–28 Novembre 2003, ed. A. Gardeisen, Lattes, 137–142.
Gifford-Gonzales, D.P. 1989. ‘Ethnographic analogues for interpreting modified bones. Some cases from East Africa’, in Bone modification, eds. R. Bonnischen & M.H. Sorg, Maine, 179–246.
Giraolo, L. & J. Seidel, eds. 2002. Magic and divination in the ancient world, Leiden, Boston & Cologne. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004497368
Graf, F. 1997. Magic in the ancient world, Cambridge.
Grant, A. 1975. ‘Appendix B. The use of tooth wear as a guide to the age of domestic animals—a brief explanation’, in Excavations at Porchester Castle 1. Roman (Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 32), ed. B. Cunliffe, London, 437–450.
Grant, M. 2002. Galen on food and diet, London. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203131077
Groot, M. 2014. ‘Burned offerings and sacrificial meals in Geometric and Archaic Karystos. Faunal remains from Plakari (2011–2012)’, Pharos 20:2, 25–52.
Guthrie, W.K.C. 1993. Orpheus and Greek religion. A study of the orphic movement, Princeton.
Haedrich, R.L. & S.M. Barnes 1997. ‘Changes over time of the size structure in an exploited shelf fish community’, Fisheries Research 31:3, 229–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(97)00023-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(97)00023-4
Hägg, R. 1998. ‘Osteology and Greek sacrificial practice’, in Ancient Greek cult practice from the archaeological evidence. Proceedings of the Fourth International Seminar on Ancient Greek Cult, organized by the Swedish Institute at Athens, 22–24 October 1993 (ActaAth-8˚, 15), ed. R. Hägg, Stockholm, 49–56.
Halliday, W.R. 1913. Greek divination. A study of its methods and principles, London.
Halstead, P. & G. Jones 1992. ‘Animal bones and burial customs in Early Iron Age Thasos. The faunal remains from the cemeteries of Kastri settlement’, in Πρωτοϊστορική Θάσος. Τα νεκροταφεία του οικισμού Καστρί, ed. C. Koukouli-Chrysanthaki, Athens, 753–755.
Hillson, S. 1990. Teeth, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511614477 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614477
Hitch S., F. Naiden & I. Rutherford 2017. ‘Introduction’, in Animal sacrifice in the ancient Greek world, eds. S. Hitch & I. Rutherford, Cambridge, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139017886.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139017886.001
Højte, J.M. 2005. ‘The archaeological evidence for fish processing in the Black Sea region’, in Ancient fishing and fish processing in the Black Sea region (Black Sea Studies, 2), Aarhus, 133–160.
Huber, S. & P. Méniel 2013. ‘Analyse archéozoologique. La faune terrestre’, in Le sanctuaire d’Apollon Daphnéphoros à l’époque géométrique (Eretria, 22), ed. S. Verdan, Golion, 243–254.
Jameson, M.H. 1988. ‘Sacrifice and animal husbandry in Classical Greece’, in Pastoral economies in Classical Antiquity, ed. C.R. Whittaker (The Cambridge Philological Society Suppl., 14), Cambridge, 87–119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv27h1pxv.7
Jones, D.K.G. 1986. ‘Fish bone survival in the digestive system of the pig, dog, man. Some experiments’, in Fish in archaeology. Studies in osteometry, taphonomy, seasonality and fishing methods (BAR, 294), Oxford, 53–61.
Koch Piettre, R. 2005. ‘Précipitations sacrificielles en Grèce ancienne’, in La cuisine et l’autel. Les sacrifices en questions dans les sociétés de la Méditerranée ancienne, eds. S. Georgoudi, R. Koch Piettre & F. Smidt, Turnhout, 77–98. https://doi.org/10.1484/m.behe-eb.4.00021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/M.BEHE-EB.4.00021
Koppers, W. 1936. Pferdopfer und Pferdkult der Indogermanen, Vienna.
Lampadaridis, S.N. 1973. ‘Η ψαρική στα Μαρμαρονήσια’, Ελληνική Λαϊκή Τέχνη 11, 110–120.
Leguilloux, M. 1999. ‘Sacrifices et repas publics dans le sanctuaire de Poséidon à Ténos. Les analyses archéozoologiques’, BCH 123:2, 423–455. https://doi.org/10.3406/bch.1999.7235 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/bch.1999.7235
Lindblom, M., S. Bocher, L. Klintberg, D. Mylona, A. Sarpaki, E. Savini, J. Pakkanen & T. Paulson forthcoming. ‘A Late Helladic IIIC settlement within the Later Sanctuary of Poseidon on Kalaureia’, OpAthRom.
Linders, T. 1994. ‘The sacred menus on Delos’, in Ancient Greek cult practice from the epigraphical evidence. Proceedings of the Second International Seminar on Ancient Greek Cult, organized by the Swedish Institute at Athens, 22–24 November 1991 (ActaAth-8˚, 13), ed. R. Hägg, Stockholm, 71–79.
Luce, J.-M. 2008. ‘Quelques jalons pour une histoire du chien en Grèce antique’, Pallas 76, 261–293.
Lupton, D. 1996. Food, the body and the self, London & New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446221761 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446221761
Lupu, E. 2005. Greek sacred law. A collection of new documents (NGSL) (Religions in the Graeco-Roman world, 152), Leiden. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047405801
Lyman, R.L. 1994. Vertebrate taphonomy, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139878302 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139878302
Lymberakis, P. & G. Iliopoulos 2019. ‘Snakes and other microfaunal remains from the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia’, OpAthRom 12, 233–240. https://doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-12-06 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-12-06
MacGillivray, J.A., L.H. Sackett & J.M. Driessen, eds. 2007. Palaikastro. Two Late Minoan wells (BSA suppl., 43), London.
MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, antler, ivory and horn. Technology of skeletal materials since the Roman period, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315747668 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315747668
MacKinnon, M. 2013. ‘Side matters. Animal offerings at ancient Nemea’, in Bones, behaviour and belief. The osteological evidence as a source for Greek ritual practice (ActaAth-4˚, 55), eds. G. Ekroth & J. Wallensten, Stockholm, 129–147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30549/actaath-4-55-11
MacKinnon, M. 2014. ‘Animals, economics and culture in the Athenian Agora. Comparative zooarchaeological investigations’, Hesperia 83:2, 189–255. https://doi.org/10.2972/hesperia.83.2.0189 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2972/hesperia.83.2.0189
Mainoldi, C. 1984. L’Image du loup et du chien dans la Gréce ancienne. D’Homère à Platon, Paris.
Merlen, R.H.A. 1971. De canibus. Dog and hound in antiquity, London.
Miles, A.E.W. & C. Grigson, eds. 1990. Colour variations and diseases of the teeth of animals, Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511565298
Mylona, D. 1999. ‘Chamalevri. The animal bones’, in Minoans and Mycenaeans. Flavours of their time, eds. Y. Tzedakis & H. Martlew, Athens, 64–67.
Mylona, D. 2003. ‘Archaeological fish remains in Greece. General trends of the research and a gazetteer of sites’, in Zooarchaeology in Greece. Recent advances (BSA Studies, 9), eds. C. Gamble, P. Halstead, Y. Hamilakis & E. Kotjabopoulou, London, 193–200.
Mylona, D. 2008. Fish-eating in Greece from the fifth century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. A story of impoverished fishermen or luxurious fish banquets? (BAR-IS, 1754), Oxford. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407301938
Mylona, D. 2013. ‘Dealing with the unexpected. Strange animals in a Late Hellenistic/Early Roman cistern fill in the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia, Poros’, in Bones, behaviour and belief. The osteological evidence as a source for Greek ritual practice (ActaAth-4˚, 55), eds. G. Ekroth & J. Wallensten, Stockholm, 149–166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30549/actaath-4-55-12
Mylona, D. 2015. ‘From fish bones to fishermen. Views from the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia’, in Classical archaeology in context. Theory and practice in excavation in the Greek world, eds. D. Haggis & C. Antonaccio, Berlin, 385–417. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781934078471-017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781934078471-017
Mylona, D. forthcoming. ‘Tunas in the Aegean’. in Harvesting the Gifts of the Sea. Aegean societies and marine life, eds. T. Theodoropoulou & T. Gallant, New York.
Nicholson, R.A. 1995. ‘Out of the frying pan into the fire. What value are burnt fish bones to archaeology?’, in Archaeofauna. International Journal of Archaeozoology 4, 47–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15366/archaeofauna1995.4.005
Nobis, G. 1994. ‘Die Tierreste aus dem antiken Messene—Grabung 1990–91’, in Beitrage zur Archaozoologie und prähistorischen Anthropologie, ed. M. Kokabi, Stuttgart, 297–313.
Novaro-Lefèvre, D. 2010. ‘Les sacrifices de poissons dans les sanctuaires grecs de l’Âge du Fer’, Kernos 23, 37–52. https://doi.org/10.4000/kernos.1563 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/kernos.1563
Ntinou, M. 2019. ‘Trees and shrubs in the sanctuary. Wood charcoal analysis at the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia, Poros’, OpAthRom 12, 255–269. https://doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-12-08 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-12-08
Osborne, C. 1995. ‘Ancient vegetarianism’, in Food in antiquity, eds. J. Wilkins, D. Harvey & M. Dobson, Exeter, 214–224.
Parker, R. 1983. Miasma. Pollution and purification in early Greek religion, Oxford.
Payne, S. 1972. ‘Partial recovery and sample bias. The results of some sieving experiments’, in Papers in economic prehistory, ed. E.S. Higgs, Cambridge, 49–64.
Payne, S. 1973. ‘Kill-off patterns in sheep and goats. The mandibles from Asvan Kale’, Anatolian Studies 23, 281–303. https://doi.org/10.2307/3642547 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3642547
Payne, S. 1985. ‘Morphological distinctions between the mandibular teeth of young sheep, Ovis, and goats, Capra’, JAS 12, 127–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(85)90058-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(85)90058-5
Penttinen, A. & D. Mylona 2019. ‘Physical environment and daily life in the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia, Poros. The bio-archaeological remains. Introduction’, OpAthRom 12, 159–172. https://doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-12-03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-12-03
Penttinen, A., B. Wells, D. Mylona, P. Pakkanen, J. Pakkanen, A. Karivieri, A. Hooton, E. Savini & T. Theodoropoulou 2009. ‘Report on the excavations in the years 2007 and 2008 south-east of the Temple of Poseidon at Kalaureia’, OpAthRom 2, 89–141. https://doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-02-05 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-02-05
Peters, J. 1993. ‘Archaic Milet. Daily life and religious customs from an archaeozoological perspective’, in Archaeozoology of the Near East, eds. H. Buitenhuis & A.T. Classon, Leiden, 88–96.
Peters, J. & A. von den Driesch 1992. ‘Siedlungabfall versus Opferreste. Essengewohnheiten im archaischen Milet’, InstMitt 42, 117–125.
Poulou-Papadimitriou, N. 2008. ‘Βυζαντινή κεραμεική από την Ελεύθερνα: η στέρνα της Αγίας Άννας’ in Ελεύθερνα, Τομέας 2:3. Το Βυζαντινό σπίτι στην Αγία Άννα, eds. Th. Kalpaxis, N. Poulou, A. Giagaki, M. Xanthopouou, L. Mantalara & D. Mylona, Rethymno, 335–348.
Psathi E. 2011. ‘Appendix. The faunal remains from the Geometric sanctruary’, in E. Kolia, ‘A sanctuary of the Geometric period in ancient Helike, Achaea’, BSA 106:1, 201–246. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0068245411000098 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068245411000098
Rask, K.A. 2014. ‘Etruscan animal bones and their implications for sacrificial studies’, History of Religions 53:3, 269–312. https://doi.org/10.1086/674242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/674242
Reese, D.S. 1989. ‘Faunal remains from the Altar of Aphrodite Ourania, Athens’, Hesperia 58:1, 63–70. https://doi.org/10.2307/148320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/148320
Reese, D.S. 2000. ‘The marine invertebrates’, in Kommos 4. The Greek sanctuary, eds. J.W. Shaw & M.C. Shaw, Princeton, 643–646.
Reese, D.S. & D. Ruscillo 2000. ‘The mammal remains’, in Kommos 4. The Greek Sanctuary, eds. W. Shaw & M.C. Shaw, Princeton, 416–495.
Richards-Yielding, W.J. 1998. ‘The faunal remains from two wells within the Hellenistic Agora at Pella, Macedonia’, (abstract), AJA 102:2, 377. https://doi.org/10.2307/506472 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/506472
Richardson, C., M. Richards, S. Terlecki & W.M. Miller 1979. ‘Jaws of adult culled ewes’, Journal of Agricultural Science 93:3, 521–529. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600038922 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600038922
Roberts, S.R. & A. Glock 1986. ‘The Stoa gutter well. A Late Archaic deposit in the Athenian Agora’, Hesperia 55:1, 1–74. https://doi.org/10.2307/147730 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/147730
Rose, M.J. 1994. With line and glittering bronze hook. Fishing in the Aegean Bronze Age, Ph.D. thesis, Indiana University.
Rose, M.J. 2000. ‘The fish remains’, in Kommos 4. The Greek sanctuary, eds. J.W. Shaw & M.C. Shaw, Princeton, 495–560.
Rosivach, I.V. 1994. The system of public sacrifice in fourth-century Athens (American Classical Studies, 34), Atlanta.
Roy, J. 2007. ‘The consumption of dog-meat in Classical Greece’, in Cooking up the past. Food and culinary practices in the Neolithic and Bronze Age Aegean, eds. C. Mee & J. Renard, Oxford, 342–353.
Ruscillo, D. 1997. ‘The secrets rites of Lesvos. A faunal reconstruction’, (abstract), AJA 101:2, 362. https://doi.org/10.2307/506513 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/506513
Sarpaki, A. 2019. ‘Plants in the sanctuary. Charred seeds from Areas C and D at the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia, Poros’, OpAthRom 12, 271–286. https://doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-12-09 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-12-09
Schmid, E. 1972. Atlas of animal bones, Amsterdam.
Scholz, H. 1937. Der Hund in der griechisch-römischen Magie und Religion, Berlin.
Serjeantson, D. 2009. Birds, Cambridge.
Serjeantson, D. 2019. ‘Animals in the sanctuary. Bird bones and eggshell’, OpAthRom 12, 223–231. https://doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-12-05 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-12-05
Shaw, B.D. 1982/1983. ‘Eaters of flesh, drinkers of milk. The ancient Mediterranean ideology of the pastoral nomad’, Ancient Society 13/14, 5–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003556909-8
Shaw, J.W. 2000. ‘Ritual and development in the Greek sanctuary’, in Kommos 4. The Greek sanctuary, eds. J.W. Shaw & M.C. Shaw, Princeton, 669–731.
Shipman, P., G. Foster & M. Schoeninger 1984. ‘Burnt bones and teeth. An experimental study of color, morphology, crystal structure and shrinkage’, JAS 11:4, 307–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(84)90013-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(84)90013-X
Silver, I. 1969. ‘The ageing of domestic animals’, in Science in archaeology, eds. D. Brothwell & E. Higgs, London, 283–302.
Simoons, F. 1994 (1961). Eat not this flesh. Food avoidances from prehistory to the present, Madison.
Snyder, L.M. & W.E. Klippel 2000. ‘Dark Age subsistence at the Kastro site, East Crete. Exploring subsistence change and continuity during the Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age transition’, in Palaeodiet in the Aegean. Papers from a colloquium held at the 1993 Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America in Washington, eds. S. Vaughan & W.D.E. Coulson, Oxford, 65–83.
Soyer, A. 1977 (1853). The pantropheion or a history of food and its preparations in ancient times, New York & London.
Stanzel, M. 1991. Die Tierreste aus dem Artemis-/Apollon-Heiligtum bei Kalapodi in Böotien/Griechenland, Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität.
Stengel, P. 1910. Opferbräuche der Griechen, Leipzig & Berlin.
Studer, J. & I. Chenal-Velarde 2003. ‘La part des dieux et celle des hommes. Offrandes d’ animaux et restes culinaires dans l’Aire sacrificielle Nord (Érétrie, Grèce)’, in L’aire sacrificielle au nord du sanctuaire d’Apollon Daphnéphoros. Un rituel des époques géométrique et archaïque (Eretria. Fouilles et recherches, 14), ed. S. Huber, Lausanne, 175–185.
Syrides, G.E. 2019. ‘Marine and terrestrial molluscs in the sanctuary. The molluscan remains from the 2003–2004 excavations in the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia’, OpAthRom 12, 241–254. https://doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-12-07 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-12-07
Teodorson, S.T. 1989. A commentary on Putarch’s “Table Talks”, Gothenburg.
Theodoropoulou, T. 2013. ‘The sea in the temple? Shells, fish and corals from the sanctuary of the ancient town of Kythnos and other marine stories of cult’, in Bones, behaviour and belief. The osteological evidence as a source for Greek ritual practice (ActaAth-4˚, 55), eds. G. Ekroth & J. Wallensten, Stockholm, 197–222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30549/actaath-4-55-15
Theodoropoulou, T. 2017. ‘Regional stories, one sea. Towards reconstructing the history/ies of fishing and marine animal exploitation in the early Greek world’, in Regional stories towards a new perception of the early Greek world. Acts of an international symposium in honour of Professor Jan Bouzek, Volos 19–21 June 2015, eds. A. Mazarakis-Ainian, A. Alexandridou & C. Charalambidou, Volos, 669–680.
Thompson, D.A.W. 1947. A glossary of Greek fishes, Oxford.
Trantalidou, K. 2007. ‘The contribution of the study of animal bones in the social understanding of Early Iron Age Oropos’, in Oropos and Euboea in the Early Iron Age. Acts of an International Round Table, University of Thessaly, June 18–20, 2004, ed. A. Mazarakis-Ainian, Volos, 379–425.
Trantalidou, K. 2012. ‘Animal remains related to sacred areas on the Cycladic islands Amorgos and Tenos, during the Geometric period. Two distinct examples bearing evidence of sacrificial rites and bone working activities’, in The “Dark Ages” Revisited. Acts of an International Symposium in Memory of William D.E. Coulson, Volos, 14–17 June 2007, ed. A. Mazarakis Ainian, Volos, 1059–1103.
Ubelaker, H.D. & J.L. Rife 2007. ‘The practice of cremation in the Roman-era cemetery at Kenchreai, Greece. The perspective from archaeology and forensic science’, Bioarchaeology of the Near East 1, 35–57.
Vafeiadou, V. 1974. ‘Ηθη κι έθιμα Σωζοπόλεως’, Λαογραφία 29, 114–226.
van der Horst, P.W. 1998. ‘Sortes. Sacred books on instant oracles in Late Antiquity’, in The use of the sacred books in the ancient world, eds. L.V. Rutgers, P.W. van der Horst, H.W. Havelaar & L. Teugels, Leuven, 143–147.
van Straten, F. 1995. Hierà kalá. Images of animal sacrifice in Archaic and Classical Greece (Religions in the Graeco-Roman World, 127), Leiden. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004283459
Vila, E. 2000. ‘Bone remains from sacrificial places. The temples of Athena Alea at Tegea and Asea on Agios Elias (the Peloponnese, Greece)’, in Archaeozoology of the Near East IVB. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on the Archaeozoology of South-western Asia and adjacent areas, eds. M. Mashkour, A.M. Choyke, H. Buitenhuis & F. Poplin, Groningen, 197–205.
Villing A. 2017. ‘Don’t kill the goose that lays the golden egg? Some thoughts on bird sacrifices in ancient Greece’, in Animal sacrifice in the ancient Greek world, eds. S. Hitch & I. Rutherford, Cambridge, 63–102. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139017886.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139017886.004
von den Driesch, A. 1976. Das Vermessen von Tierknochen aus vor- und frühgeschichtlichen Siedlungen, Munich.
von Rudloff, R. 1999. Hekate in ancient Greek religion, Victoria.
Voultsiadou, E. 2010. ‘Therapeutic properties and uses of marine invertebrates in the ancient Greek world and early Byzantium’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 130:2, 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.041
Wall-Crowther, S. 2007. ‘The animal bones’, in Palaikastro. Two Late Minoan wells, eds. J.A. MacGillivray, L.H. Sackett & J.M. Driessen, London, 181–210.
Wells, B. 1983. Asine 2. Results of the excavations east of the Acropolis 1970–1974. Fasc. 4. The protogeometric period. Part 3. Catalogue of pottery and other artefacts (ActaAth-4˚, 24:4:3), Stockholm.
Wells, B. 2011. ‘Kalaureia in the Early Iron Age. Evidence of early cult’, in The “Dark Ages” Revisited. An International Conference in Memory of William D.E. Coulson, Volos, 14–17 June 2007, ed. A. Mazarakis-Ainian, Volos, 211–220.
Wells, B., A. Penttinen & M.-F. Billot 2003. ‘Investigations in the Sanctuary of Poseidon on Kalaureia, 1997–2001’, OpAth 28, 29–87.
Wells, B., A. Penttinen, J. Hjohlman & E. Savini 2005. ‘The Kalaureia Excavation Project. The 2003 season. With an appendix by Kristian Göransson’, OpAth 30, 127–215.
Wells, B., A. Penttinen & J. Hjohlman 2006–2007. ‘The Kalaureia Excavation Project. The 2004 and 2005 seasons. With contributions by Kristian Göransson, Arja Karivieri and Maria Daniela Trifirò’, OpAth 31–32, 31–129.
Wheeler, A. & G.A. Jones 1989. Fishes, Cambridge.
Wilkens, B. 2003. ‘Hunting and breeding in ancient Crete’, in Zooarchaeology in Greece. Recent advances (BSA Studies, 9), eds. E. Kotzabopoulou, Y. Hamilakis, P. Halstead, C. Gamble & P. Elefanti, London, 85–90.
Wilkins, J. 1993. ‘Social status and fish’, in Food, culture and history, eds. V. Mars & G. Mars, London, 191–203.
Ziehen, L. 1939. ‘Opfer’, RE 35, 582–586.
Zimmermann, E. 1993. Die Tierreste aus dem archaischen Milet/Westtürkei (7. bis 5 Jh.v.Chr.), Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität.
Zografou, A. 2011. ‘Des sacrifices qui donnent des ailes. PGM XII, 15–95’, in Nourrir les Dieux? Sacrifice et représentation du divine. Actes de la VI rencontre du Groupe de researche européen “Figura. Represéntation du divin dans les sociétés grecque et romaine”, Université de Liège, 23–24 octobre 2009 (Kernos Suppl., 26), eds. V. Pirenne-Delforge & F. Prescendi, Liége, 149–163. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pulg.1689 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pulg.1689
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome, and the authors.Volumes 16–18 (2023–2025): All text is published with immediate open access under the Creative Commons license CC BY 4.0. All images are used with permission from the rights holders, credited in the captions, and explicitly excluded from the CC BY license.
Copyright: Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome, and the authors.
Volumes 1–15 (2008–2022): These issues were made openly available as PDFs six months after the printed edition was published. No Creative Commons license applies to these volumes.
Copyright: Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome, and the authors.
