Preserving creative process in the digital age: Findings from a survey of contemporary composers

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47989/ir31iConf64150

Keywords:

Digital preservation, Digital music, Survey research, Archival practice, Collaborative archives

Abstract

Introduction. Digital tools have become ubiquitous in the process of music composition and documentation of composers’ lives and careers. This material and subsequent scholarship are at risk due to the obsolescence of hardware and software, fragility and variety of digital file formats, media prone to degradation. This paper presents survey results on composers’ process and knowledge of preservation practices.

Method. The survey was designed in GoogleForms and distributed through email to music theory and composition faculty at Big10 universities, major conservatories, and professional organization listservs. The survey assessed compositional workflows and respondents’ knowledge and implementation of preservation practices through quantitative and free-response qualitative questions.

Analysis. The survey generated qualitative data, examined thematically; quantitative responses were analysed for trends.

Results. The results demonstrate a need for a central, open resource to guide composers through implementation of preservation practices to ensure longevity of their work.

Conclusion. This survey is the first to bridge the disjunction between composers’ creative process and preservation practices. Results illustrate wide usage of digital tools and proprietary file types and indicate a concerning lack of preservation knowledge. It will inform a toolkit that offers guidance on long-term preservation, to bring composers into confident stewardship of their creative legacies.

References

Akau, S., McKinney, J., & McNellis, R. (2023). Preferred preservation formats for digital music scores: A Survey of University Music Faculty. Notes, 79(4), 495-523. https://doi.org/10.1353/not.2023.a897455

Arbo, A. (2025). Types of recording, types of performance and the ontological identity of musical works. Philosophies, 10(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10010024

Beagrie, N. (2009). Digital curation for science, digital libraries, and individuals. International Journal of Digital Curation, 1(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v1i1.2

Becker, D., & Nogues, C. (2012). Saving Over, Over-Saving, and the Future Mess of Writers’ Digital Archives: A Survey Report on the Personal Digital Archiving Practices of Emerging Writers. The American Archivist, 75(2), 482–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.17723/aarc.75.2.t024180533382067

Bergland, K., Caboverde, E., Carli, A., Gibson, C., & Sussmeier, S. (2023). Preservation. Notes, 80(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1353/not.2023.a905311

Bertolani, V., Nakai, Y., and Santacesaria, L. (2020). What does musicology have to do with archiving? Three case studies. Intersections/Intersecciones, 40(1), 55–75. https://doi.org/10.7202/1096482ar.

Besser, H. (2018). Archiving websites containing streaming media. International Internet Preservation Consortium Web Archiving Conference, Wellington, New Zealand, November 12-15, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2168-3204.2017.1.0.11

Boles, F. (1987). Mix Two Parts Interest to One Part Information and Appraise Until Done: Understanding Contemporary Record Selection Process. The American Archivist 50(3), 356-368. https://doi.org/10.17723/aarc.50.3.63847173723211xp

Bosma, H. (2016). “Computer music as born-digital heritage.” In Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference (ICMC), Utrecht, the Netherlands, September 12-16, 2016. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/computer-music-as-born-digital-heritage.pdf?c=icmc%3Bidno%3Dbbp2372.2016.053%3Bformat%3Dpdf (Internet Archive)

Boutard, G. (2013). Preserving the intelligibility of digital archives of contemporary music with live electronics. Doctoral dissertation, Concordia University. https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/9593tz661 (Internet Archive)

Boutard, G., Guastavino, C., & Turner, J. (2013). A digital archives framework for the preservation of artistic works with technological components. International Journal of Digital Curation, 8(1), 42–65. https://doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v8i1.237

Bressan, F., Canazza, S., Orio, N., & Rodà, A. (2009). Preserving today for tomorrow: A case study of an archive of interactive music installations.” In Proceedings of Workshop on Exploring Musical Information Spaces (WEMIS), Corfu, Greece, October 1-2, 2009. https://csc.dei.unipd.it/depirro/media/depirro/DePirro_InfoMus/opere/Caos-delle-sfere-flipper/depirro.20091002.pdf (Internet Archive)

Brylanski, S., Lerman, M., Pike, R., & Smith, K. (Eds.). (2015). ARSC guide to audio preservation. Association for Recorded Sound Collections. https://www.clir.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/pub164.pdf (Internet Archive)

Calatayud, P. F. (2022). Pure Data and INScore: Animated notation for new music. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.04877 (Internet Archive)

Clark, M. (2024). Polishing hidden dems: An interview with John Michael Cooper on the state of Florence Price scholarship. The American Music Teacher, 74(1), 26–31. https://research.ebsco.com/c/cncs2l/viewer/pdf/uej2bto6tz

Clifford, James. (1997). Routes: Travel and translation in the late 20th century. Harvard University Press.

Cox, R. J. (2009). Digital curation and the citizen archivist. In Proceedings from DigCCurr 2009, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States. Digital curation: Practices and promises, 102-109. http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/2692/ (Internet Archive)

Dallas, C. (2016). Digital curation beyond the “wild frontier”: A pragmatic approach, Archival science, 16(4) 421-457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10502-015-9252-6

Dell’Era, G. (2024). “The End of Finale.” Accessed August 31, 2025. https://www.finalemusic.com/blog/end-of-finale-new-journey-dorico-letter-from-president/ (Internet Archive)

Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (DIAMM). (n.d). University of Oxford. https://www.diamm.ac.uk/ (Internet Archive)

Digital Preservation Coalition. (2025). The global bit list of endangered materials. http://doi.org/10.7207/dpcbitlist-25

Digital Preservation Coalition & Redwine, G. (2015). Personal digital archiving. DPC Technology Watch Report. http://dx.doi.org/10.7207/twr15-01

Fober, D., Letz, S., Orlarey, Y., & Bevilacqua, F. (2013). Programming interactive music scores with INScore. In Proceedings of Sound and Music Conference, Stockholm, Sweden, July 2013. https://hal.science/hal-00851956. (Internet Archive)

Hay, Louis. (2004). Genetic criticism: Origins and perspectives. In J. Deppman, D. Ferrer, & M. Groden (Eds.), Genetic criticism: Texts and avant-textes,17–27. University of Pennsylvania Press.

He, T.-T., Malandro, M. E., & Shadle, D. (2025). The Florence Price art song dataset and piano accompaniment generator. In Proceedings of the International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, September 21-25, 2025. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.23130

Hope, C. (2020). “The future is graphic: Animated notation for contemporary practice.” Organised Sound, 25(3), 382–391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355771820000096

Istvantidy, L. (2020). How does music heritage get lost? Examining cultural heritage loss in community and authorised music archives. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 27(4), 331-343. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2020.1795904

Johnson, E. S. (2008). Our archives, our selves: Documentation strategy and the re-appraisal of professional identity. The American Archivist 71(1), 196-202. ttps://doi.org/10.17723/aarc.71.1.81386n13w71j15v3

Johnson, T. (2009, September 9). One snapshot from Tom’s Finale history slideshow. MakeMusic: The Finale Blog. https://www.finalemusic.com/blog/one-snapshot-from-toms-finale-history-slideshow/ (Internet Archive)

Johnston, L. (2020). Challenges in preservation and archiving digital materials. Information Services & Use, 40(3–4), 229–245. https://doi.org/10.3233/ISU-200090.

Jolley, Jennifer. (n.d.). Why compose when you can blog? Accessed September 1, 2025. https://www.whycompose.com (Internet Archive)

Lee, B. (2000). Issues surrounding the preservation of digital music. Archivaria, 50, 194–207. https://archivaria.ca/index.php/archivaria/article/download/12783/13977/0 (Internet Archive)

Lepetit-Aimon, G., Fober, D., Orlarey, Y., & Letz, S. (2016). “INScore expressions to compose symbolic scores.” In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Technologies for Music Notation and Representation (TENOR), Cambridge, United Kingdom, May 27-29, 2016. https://www.tenor-conference.org/proceedings/2016/19_Lepetit-Aimon_tenor2016.pdf (Internet Archive)

Library of Congress. (2020). Music notation: Preferred preservation formats for digital scores. https://guides.loc.gov/music-notation-preferred-preservation-formats-for-digital-scores (Internet Archive)

Library of Congress. (n.d.). Personal archiving: Preserving your digital memories. Accessed September 10, 2025. https://www.digitalpreservation.gov/personalarchiving/documents/PA_All_brochure.pdf (Internet Archive)

Malkmus, D. J. (2008). Documentation strategy: Mastodon or retro-success? The American Archivist 71(2), 384-409. https://doi.org/10.17723/aarc.71.2.v63t471576057107

Marshall, C. C. (2007). How people manage personal information over a lifetime. In W. Jones & J. Teevan, (Eds.) Personal information management: Challenges and opportunities. University of Washington Press.

Marshall, C. C., Bly, S. & Brun-Cottan, F. (2006). The long-term fate of our digital belongings: Toward a service model for personal archives. In Proceedings of the IS&T Archiving Conference, Ottawa, Canada, June 18-23, 2006. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.0704.3653

Marshall, J. A. (1998). Documentation strategies in the twenty-first century? Rethinking institutional priorities and professional limitations. Archival Issues 23(1), 59-74. https://doi.org/10.31274/archivalissues.10866

Mazzoli, Missy. (n.d.). Missy Mazzoli, Composer. Accessed September 1, 2025. https://missymazzoli.com (Internet Archive)

McKemmish, S. (1996). Evidence of me… [Personal recordkeeping]. Archives and Manuscripts, 24(1), 28–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049670.1996.10755757

Molloy, K. (2019). Literary archives in the digital age: issues and encounters with Australian writers. Archives and Manuscripts, 47(3), 327-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/01476895.2019.1631863

Muhly, N. (n.d.). Nico Muhly Blog. Accessed September 1, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20150901000000*/http://nicomuhly.com/news

Muxfeldt, K. (2016). Review: Beethovens Werkstatt. Journal of the American Musicological Society, 69(3), 855–868. https://doi.org/10.1525/jams.2016.69.3.855

National Archives and Records Administration. (2017). Best practices for file naming. https://records-express.blogs.archives.gov/2017/08/22/best-practices-for-file-naming/ (Internet Archive)

Neumann, J. (2025). “(Digital) philology for/of multiple creative processes: Considering notation, recordings, and digital editions.” In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Digital Libraries for Musicology (DLfM 2025), Seoul, Republic of Korea, September 26, 2025, 10–18. New York: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3748336.3748338

New York University, Internet Archive, & New York University Libraries. (2015–2018). Archiving the websites of contemporary composers. https://tisch.nyu.edu/cinema-studies/miap/research-outreach/research/archiving-composers.html (Internet Archive)

Novara, E. (2019). Eine Schumann-Werkstatt? Zur Übertragbarkeit der Methoden vom Projekt »Beethovens Werkstatt« auf andere Komponisten. https://doi.org/10.25366/2020.66

Pahwa, N. (2004, September 26). Your favourite musician’s app is about to disappear. Slate Magazine. https://slate.com/technology/2024/09/finale-music-notation-software-shutting-down-how-the-program-became-so-widely-used.html (Internet Archive)

Patrickson-Stewart, S. G. (2025). Grey literature. In The Encyclopedia of Libraries, Librarianship, and Information Science Volume 1, 438-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95689-5.00110-3

Pedersen, A. H. (2023). Listening from within a digital music archive: Metadata and digital music use. Doctoral dissertation, Lund University. https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/portalfiles/portal/145395347/Andreas_Helles_Pedersen_HELA2.pdf (Internet Archive)

Puckette, M. (1988). The Patcher. In Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference (ICMC), Cologne, Germany, September 20-25, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.bbp2372.1988.046 (Internet Archive)

Puckette, M. (2024). A framework for preserving real-time electronic music realizations. In Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference (ICMC), Seoul, Republic of Korea, July 7-13, 2024. https://msp.ucsd.edu/Publications/icmc24-reprint.pdf (Internet Archive)

Puckette, M. & Vercoe, B. (1985). Synthetic rehearsal: Training the synthetic performer. In Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference (ICMC), Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, August 19-22, 1985. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cache//b/b/p/bbp2372.1985.043/bbp2372.1985.043.pdf (Internet Archive).

Rinehart, R & Ippolito, J. (2014). Re-collection: Art, new media, and social memory. MIT Press.

Rothenberg, J. (1998). Ensuring the longevity of digital information. International Journal of Legal Information, 26(1–3), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0731126500000469

Sallis, F. (2015). Sketch studies past and present. In Music Sketches. Cambridge University Press.

Samuels, H. W. (1986). Who controls the past? The American Archivist 49(2), 109-124. https://doi.org/10.17723/aarc.49.2.a46657j81vug0073

Software Preservation Network. (2019). Preserving musical notation and composition software (FCoP project). https://www.softwarepreservationnetwork.org/preserving-musical-notation-and-composition-software/ (Internet Archive)

Stanford University Libraries (2023). Data best practices and case studies research guide. https://guides.library.stanford.edu/data-best-practices (Internet Archive)

Downloads

Published

2026-03-20

How to Cite

Grimmer, J., & Akau, S. (2026). Preserving creative process in the digital age: Findings from a survey of contemporary composers. Information Research an International Electronic Journal, 31(iConf), 946–962. https://doi.org/10.47989/ir31iConf64150

Issue

Section

Conference proceedings

Similar Articles

<< < 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.