It's Crowded at the Bottom: Trust, Visibility, and Search Algorithms on Care.com

Authors

  • Elizabeth Fetterolf University of Oxford, United Kingdom

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33621/jdsr.v4i1.98

Keywords:

care work, platforms, gig economy, childcare, trust, algorithms, qualitative content analysis

Abstract

Trust, visibility, and the deepening of existing inequalities are major themes within the platform care work literature. However, no study to date has applied these themes to an analysis of worker profiles. I investigate both how workers communicate trustworthiness through their profiles on Care.com, the world’s largest care work platform, and which of these profiles are rendered more and less visible to clients. Through a qualitative content analysis of profiles (n=60) sampled from the top and bottom search results in three different US zip codes, I find that visibility is often related to connectivity, response time, and positive reviews, and who is rendered visible mirrors preexisting inequalities. The language of “passion” for the job is common across top and bottom profiles, indicating a contradiction between the deemphasis on professionalization and the high level of connectivity and responsiveness present in top profiles.

References

Arriagada, A., & Ibáñez, F. (2020). “You need at least one picture daily, if not, you’re dead”: Content creators and platform evolution in the social media ecology. Social Media + Society, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120944624

Bajwa, U., Gastaldo, D., Di Ruggiero, E., & Knorr, L. (2018). The health of workers in the global gig economy. Globalization and Health, 14, Article 124. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0444-8

Benjamin, R. (2019). Race after technology: Abolitionist tools for the new Jim Code. Polity.

Bhattacharya, T. (Ed.). (2017). Social reproduction theory: Remapping class, recentering oppression. Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1vz494j

Brayne, S. (2017). Big data surveillance: The case of policing. American Sociological Review, 82(5), 977–1008. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122417725865

Bucher, T. (2012). Want to be on the top? Algorithmic power and the threat of invisibility on Facebook. New Media & Society, 14(7), 1164–1180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812440159

Bucher, T. (2016). The algorithmic imaginary: Exploring the ordinary affects of Facebook algorithms. Information, Communication & Society, 20(1), 30–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1154086

Burnham, L., & Theodore, N. (2012). Home economics: The invisible and unregulated world of domestic work. National Domestic Workers Alliance. https://www.domesticworkers.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/HomeEconomicsReport.pdf

Bussewitz, C., & Olson, A. (2020, July 5). Gig workers face shifting roles, competition in pandemic. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/gig-workers-face-shifting-roles-competition-in-pandemic/2020/07/05/3589759e-bec8-11ea-8908-68a2b9eae9e0_story.html

Care.com. (2017, June 14). What is the premium membership on Care.com?. Retrieved April 21, 2021, from https://www.care.com/c/questions/29145/what-is-the-premium-membership-on-carecom/

Care.com. (2021). [Homepage]. Retrieved April 24, 2021, from https://www.care.com/ppr.do

Care.com, Inc. (2019). 2018 annual report and form 10K. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved May 9, 2021, from https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/NYSE_CRCM_2018.pdf

Chen, J. Y. (2018). Thrown under the bus and outrunning it! The logic of Didi and taxi drivers’ labour and activism in the on-demand economy. New Media & Society, 20(8), 2691–2711. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817729149

City-Data. (2019). 30032 zip code (Candler-McAfee, Georgia) profile - Homes, apartments, schools, population, income, averages, housing, demographics, location, statistics, sex offenders, residents and real estate info. Retrieved April 18, 2021, from https://www.city-data.com/zips/30032.html

Conger, K., Satariano, A., & Isaac, M. (2020, March 18). Pandemic erodes gig economy work. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/technology/gig-economy-pandemic.html

Cooke, M. (2015, October 31). The Bronx slave market. Viewpoint Magazine. https://viewpointmag.com/2015/10/31/the-bronx-slave-market-1950/ (Original work published 1950)

Data USA. (2018a). Fremont, CA. Retrieved April 18, 2021, from https://datausa.io/profile/geo/fremont-ca

Data USA. (2018b). Park Slope, Carroll Gardens & Red Hook PUMA, NY. Retrieved April 18, 2021, from https://datausa.io/profile/geo/park-slope-carroll-gardens-red-hook-puma-ny

D’Cruz, P., & Noronha E. (2016). Positives outweighing negatives: The experiences of Indian crowdsourced workers. Work Organisation, Labour & Globalisation, 10(1), 44–63. https://doi.org/10.13169/workorgalaboglob.10.1.0044

Dickson, E. (2020, July 3). Coronavirus is killing the working mother. Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/working-motherhood-covid-19-coronavirus-1023609/

Ehrenreich, B., & Hochschild, A. R. (2003). Introduction. In B. Ehrenreich & A. R. Hochschild (Eds.), Global woman: Nannies, maids, and sex workers in the new economy (pp. 1–14). Metropolitan Books.

England, P., Budig, M., & Folbre, N. (2002). Wages of virtue: The relative pay of care work. Social Problems, 49(4), 455–473. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2002.49.4.455

Eubanks, V. (2018). Automating inequality: How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor. St. Martin’s Press.

Farrell, M. B. (2014, August 14). Care.com, the big business of babysitting. Globe Magazine. https://www.bostonglobe.com/magazine/2014/08/14/care-com-big-business-babysitting/4Fjpf5q3YUSw3rMn9GraOM/story.html

Ferrari, F., & Graham, M. (2021). Fissures in algorithmic power: Platforms, code, and contestation. Cultural Studies, 35(4–5), 814–832. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2021.1895250

Flanagan, F. (2019). Theorising the gig economy and home-based service work. Journal of Industrial Relations, 61(1), 57–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185618800518

Gerson, E. S. (2019, July 8). Background checks: What every family needs to know before hiring a caregiver. Care.com. Retrieved April 22, 2021, from https://www.care.com/c/stories/3147/nanny-background-checks/

Glenn, E. N. (1992). From servitude to service work: Historical continuities in the racial division of paid reproductive labor. Signs, 18(1), 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1086/494777

Graham, M., & Anwar, M. A. (2019). The global gig economy: Towards a planetary labour market? First Monday, 24(4). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v24i4.9913

Gray, M. L., & Suri, S. (2019). Ghost work: How to stop Silicon Valley from building a new global underclass. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Grose, J. (2021, February 4). America’s mothers are in crisis. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/04/parenting/working-moms-mental-health-coronavirus.html

Hochschild, A. R. (2013). The outsourced self: What happens when we pay others to live our lives for us. Picador.

Hsu, A. (2020, September 29). ‘This is too much’: Working moms are reaching the breaking point during the pandemic. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2020/09/29/918127776/this-is-too-much-working-moms-are-reaching-the-breaking-point-during-the-pandemi

Jaffe, S. (2021). Work won’t love you back: How devotion to our jobs keeps us exploited, exhausted, and alone. Bold Type Books.

Kaine, S., Flanagan, F., & Ravenswood, K. (2020). Future of work (FoW) and gender. In A. Wilkinson & M. Barry (Eds.), The future of work and employment (pp. 119–138). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786438256.00016

Macdonald, C. L. (2011). Shadow mothers: Nannies, au pairs, and the micropolitics of mothering. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520947818

McDonald, P., Williams, P., & Mayes, R. (2021). Means of control in the organization of digitally intermediated care work. Work, Employment and Society, 35(5), 872–890. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017020969107

Montgomery, T., & Baglioni, S. (2021). Defining the gig economy: Platform capitalism and the reinvention of precarious work. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 41(9–10), 1012–1025. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-08-2020-0400

Newlands, G. (2021). Algorithmic surveillance in the gig economy: The organization of work through Lefebvrian conceived space. Organization Studies, 42(5), 719–737. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840620937900

Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1pwt9w5

Obermeyer, Z., Powers, B., Vogeli, C., & Mullainathan, S. (2019). Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations. Science, 366(6464), 447–453. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax2342

Ollier-Malaterre, A., Jacobs, J. A., & Rothbard, N. P. (2019). Technology, work, and family: Digital cultural capital and boundary management. Annual Review of Sociology, 45(1), 425–447. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022433

Parker, G. G., Alstyne, M. W. V., & Choudary, S. P. (2016). Platform revolution: How networked markets are transforming the economy?and how to make them work for you. W. W. Norton & Company.

Petrescu, P. (2014, October 1). Google organic click-through rates in 2014. Moz. https://moz.com/blog/google-organic-click-through-rates-in-2014

Poo, A.-J. (2017, June 16). Out from the shadows: Domestic workers speak in the United States. OpenDemocracy. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/beyond-trafficking-and-slavery/out-from-shadows-domestic-workers-speak-in-united-states/

Rega, I., & Medrado, A. (2021). The stepping into visibility model: Reflecting on consequences of social media visibility – a Global South perspective. Information, Communication & Society. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1954228

Schor, J. B. (2017). Does the sharing economy increase inequality within the eighty percent?: Findings from a qualitative study of platform providers. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 10(2), 263–279. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsw047

Schreier, M. (2014). Qualitative content analysis. In U. Flick (Ed.),?The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis (pp. 170–183). SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446282243.n12

Shapiro, A. (2018). Between autonomy and control: Strategies of arbitrage in the “on-demand” economy. New Media & Society, 20(8), 2954–2971. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817738236

Sharabi, L. L. (2021). Exploring how beliefs about algorithms shape (offline) success in online dating: A two-wave longitudinal investigation. Communication Research, 48(7), 931–952. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650219896936

Sundararajan, A. (2016). The sharing economy: The end of employment and the rise of crowd-based capitalism. MIT Press.

Tandon, A., & Rathi A. (2021). Care in the platform economy: Interrogating the digital organization of domestic work in India. In B. Dolber, M. Rodino-Colocino, C. Kumanyika, & T. Wolfson (Eds.), The gig economy: Workers and media in the age of convergence (pp. 47–57). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003140054-6

Thurman, N., Moeller, J., Helberger, N., & Trilling, D. (2019). My friends, editors, algorithms, and I: Examining audience attitudes to news selection. Digital Journalism, 7(4), 447–469. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1493936

Ticona, J. (2020) Essential and untrusted. Dissent, 67(4), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1353/dss.2020.0080

Ticona, J., & Mateescu, A. (2018a). Trusted strangers: Carework platforms’ cultural entrepreneurship in the on-demand economy. New Media & Society, 20(11), 4384–4404. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818773727

Ticona, J., & Mateescu, A. (2018b, March 29). How domestic workers wager safety in the platform economy. Fast Company. https://www.fastcompany.com/40541050/how-domestic-workers-wager-safety-in-the-platform-economy

Ticona, J., Mateescu, A., & Rosenblat, A. (2018) Beyond disruption: How tech shapes labor across domestic work & ridehailing. Data & Society. https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Data_Society_Beyond_Disruption_FINAL.pdf

Vallas, S., & Schor, J. B. (2020). What do platforms do? Understanding the gig economy. Annual Review of Sociology, 46(1), 273–294. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054857

van Doorn, N. (2017). Platform labor: On the gendered and racialized exploitation of low-income service work in the ‘on-demand’ economy. Information, Communication & Society, 20(6), 898–914. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1294194

Walsh, S. (Director). (2021). The gig is up [Film]. Dogwoof Pictures.

Williams, P., McDonald, P., & Mayes, R. (2021). Recruitment in the gig economy: Attraction and selection on digital platforms. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(19), 4136–4162. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1867613

Wood, A. J., Graham, M., Lehdonvirta, V., & Hjorth, I. (2019). Good gig, bad big: Autonomy and algorithmic control in the global gig economy. Work, Employment and Society, 33(1), 56–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017018785616

Wood, A. J., & Lehdonvirta, V. (2021). Platform precarity: Surviving algorithmic insecurity in the gig economy. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3795375

Wu, T. (2016). More than a paycheck: Nannies, work, and identity. Citizenship Studies, 20(3–4), 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2016.1158358

Zhou, M., Hertog, E., Kolpashnikova, K., & Kan, M.-Y. (2020). Gender inequalities: Changes in income, time use and well-being before and during the UK COVID-19 lockdown. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/u8ytc

Downloads

Published

2021-07-27

Issue

Section

Research Articles

Similar Articles

<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.